Influenza virus infection causes 3–5 million cases of severe illness and 250,000–500,000 deaths worldwide annually. Although pneumonia is the most common complication associated with influenza, there are several reports demonstrating increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Several clinical case reports, as well as both prospective and retrospective studies, have shown that influenza can trigger cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction (MI), myocarditis, ventricular arrhythmia, and heart failure. A recent study has demonstrated that influenza-infected patients are at highest risk of having MI during the first seven days of diagnosis. Influenza virus infection induces a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and recruitment of immune cells as part of the host immune response. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in influenza-associated cardiovascular diseases will help to improve treatment plans. This review discusses the direct and indirect effects of influenza virus infection on triggering cardiovascular events. Further, we discussed the similarities and differences in epidemiological and pathogenic mechanisms involved in cardiovascular events associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to influenza infection.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, myocarditis, heart, Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, immune mechanism, 【초록키워드】 Treatment, coronavirus disease, Coronavirus disease 2019, Cytokines, Pneumonia, Influenza, Infection, Diagnosis, risk, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular diseases, Influenza virus, chemokines, chemokine, arrhythmia, heart failure, Host immune response, myocarditis, Patient, death, understanding, immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines, epidemiological, virus infection, Myocardial infarction, recruitment, pathogenic mechanism, ventricular arrhythmia, mechanism, retrospective, Immune cell, similarity, Trigger, Cardiovascular events, increased risk, influenza infection, help, similarities, pro-inflammatory cytokine, influenza-infected patients, triggering, Cellular and molecular mechanisms, Seven, IMPROVE, highest, shown, involved, indirect effect, variety, demonstrated, induce, cause, cellular and molecular, cardiovascular event, ventricular, 【제목키워드】 cardiovascular,