Abstract
The primary goal of vaccines that protect against respiratory viruses appears to be the induction of neutralizing antibodies for a long period. Although this goal need not be changed, recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have drawn strong attention to another arm of acquired immunity, CD8 + T cells, which are also called killer T cells. Recent evidence accumulated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed that even variants of SARS-CoV-2 that escaped from neutralizing-antibodies that were induced by either infection or vaccination could not escape from CD8 + T cell-mediated immunity. In addition, although traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated virus and subunit vaccines, are less efficient in inducing CD8 + T cells, newly introduced platforms for SARS-CoV-2, namely, mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines, can induce strong CD8 + T cell-mediated immunity in addition to inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, CD8 + T cells function locally and need to be at the site of infection to control it. To fully utilize the protective performance of CD8 + T cells, it would be insufficient to induce only memory cells circulating in blood, using injectable vaccines; mucosal immunization could be required to set up CD8 + T cells for the optimal protection. CD8 + T cells might also contribute to the pathology of the infection, change their function with age and respond differently to booster vaccines in comparison with antibodies. Herein, we overview cutting-edge ideas on CD8 + T cell-mediated immunity that can enable the rational design of vaccines for respiratory viruses.
Keywords: CD8 T cells; SARS-CoV-2; aging; attrition; booster vaccines; tissue-resident memory T cell.
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, aging, CD8 T cells, attrition, booster vaccines, tissue-resident memory T cell., 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus disease, viruses, neutralizing antibody, antibodies, pathology, Coronavirus disease 2019, Vaccine, coronavirus, vaccination, pandemic, Immunity, Vaccines, Neutralizing antibodies, aging, T cells, variant, Infection, virus, CD8, immunization, variants, respiratory viruses, T cell, respiratory virus, mRNA, age, adenoviral vector, acquired immunity, respiratory, platform, CD8 T cells, memory T cell, Blood, booster, Cell-mediated immunity, inactivated, Protective, attrition, booster vaccines, Booster vaccine, Evidence, mucosal, subunit vaccines, Memory cells, memory cell, acute respiratory syndrome, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Neutralizing-antibody, circulating, memory T, variants of SARS-CoV-2, recent, Cell, PROTECT, addition, required, appear, less, introduced, contribute, induce, changed, respond, accumulated, escaped, 【제목키워드】 Strategy, CD8, Against,