This paper presents an updated and comprehensive review on the different methods used for detection and quantification of viruses in wastewater treatment systems. The analysis of viability of viruses in wastewater and sludge is another thrust of this review. Recent studies have mostly focused on determining the abundance and diversity of viruses in wastewater influents, in samples from primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages, and in final effluents. A few studies have also examined the occurrence and diversity of viruses in raw and digested sludge samples. Recent efforts to improve efficiency of virus detection and quantification methods in the complex wastewater and sludge matrices are highlighted in this review. A summary and a detailed comparison of the pre-treatment methods that have been utilized for wastewater and sludge samples are also presented. The role of metagenomics or sequencing analysis in monitoring wastewater systems to predict disease outbreaks, to conduct public health surveillance, to assess the efficiency of existing treatment systems in virus removal, and to re-evaluate current regulations regarding pathogenic viruses in wastewater is discussed in this paper. Challenges and future perspectives in the detection of viruses, including emerging and newly emerged viruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in wastewater systems are discussed in this review. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • An overview on virus occurrence, detection and viability in wastewater and sludge • Molecular methods are extensively used to detect viruses in wastewater. • Use of sequencing to monitor virus abundance and diversity in wastewater and sludge • Detection and quantification of viruses in wastewater to monitor disease outbreaks • Research need: studies on detection methods of emerging viruses such as SARS-CoV-2
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, Sequencing, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, virus detection, cDNA, complementary DNA, virus concentration, emerging viruses, Sludge, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA, Ribonucleic acid, RT-PCR, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction, MHV, murine hepatitis virus, TEM, transmission electron microscopy, EV, enterovirus, CPE, cytopathic effects, ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, HEV, hepatitis E virus, VIRADEL, virus adsorption-elution, HPV, Human Papillomavirus, NGS, next generation sequencing, PEG, Polyethylene glycol, IFA, Immunofluorescence assay, ASTM, American Society for Testing Materials, CER, Cation exchange resin, cPCR, Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction, EVE, Enzymatic virus elution, EFM, Epifluorescence Microscopy, FCM, Flow Cytometry, GUI, Graphical user interface, HAV, Hepatitis A virus, HFUFS, Hollow fibre ultrafiltration system, HAdV, Human adenovirus, HAdV2, Human adenovirus 2, HAdV 40, Human adenovirus 40, HSV1, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, HHV, Human herpesvirus, ICC-PCR, Integrated Cell Culture-Polymerase Chain Reaction, ICC-RT-qPCR, Integrated Cell Culture-real time RT-PCR, JCPyV, JC Polyomavirus, HPyV, Human polyomavirus, HTtV, Human Torque teno virus, μPAD, Microfluidic paper analytic device, MMTV, Mouse mammary tumour virus, NoV, Norovirus, NoV GI, Norovirus GI, NoV GII, Norovirus GII, PMMV, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, PTA, Phosphotungstic acid, PV, Poliovirus, PV1, Poliovirus 1, φ6, Pseudomonas phage, PFGE, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, qPCR, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, RT-qPCR, Real Time RT-PCR, RoV, Rotavirus, RoV-A, Rotavirus A,