The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), which is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), using chest X-ray images has life-saving importance for both patients and doctors. In addition, in countries that are unable to purchase laboratory kits for testing, this becomes even more vital. In this study, we aimed to present the use of deep learning for the high-accuracy detection of COVID-19 using chest X-ray images. Publicly available X-ray images (1583 healthy, 4292 pneumonia, and 225 confirmed COVID-19) were used in the experiments, which involved the training of deep learning and machine learning classifiers. Thirty-eight experiments were performed using convolutional neural networks, 10 experiments were performed using five machine learning models, and 14 experiments were performed using the state-of-the-art pre-trained networks for transfer learning. Images and statistical data were considered separately in the experiments to evaluate the performances of models, and eightfold cross-validation was used. A mean sensitivity of 93.84%, mean specificity of 99.18%, mean accuracy of 98.50%, and mean receiver operating characteristics–area under the curve scores of 96.51% are achieved. A convolutional neural network without pre-processing and with minimized layers is capable of detecting COVID-19 in a limited number of, and in imbalanced, chest X-ray images.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus, Pneumonia, Convolutional neural networks, X-ray, 【초록키워드】 SARS CoV-2, coronavirus disease, Coronavirus disease 2019, coronavirus, deep learning, Pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, Convolutional neural networks, sensitivity, specificity, Accuracy, Convolutional neural network, Patient, chest X-ray, experiment, respiratory, Image, Chest X-ray images, machine learning models, Chest X-ray image, acute respiratory syndrome, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS CoV, transfer, processing, machine learning classifiers, receiver operating characteristics, laboratory kits, country, FIVE, statistical, responsible, performed, was used, evaluate, involved, healthy, addition, were used, experiments, laboratory kit, 【제목키워드】 detection, Convolutional neural networks, chest X-ray, network, Image, Neural,