Vaccine design traditionally focuses on inducing adaptive immune responses against a sole target pathogen. Considering that many microbes evade innate immune mechanisms to initiate infection, and in light of the discovery of epigenetically mediated innate immune training, the paradigm of vaccine design has the potential to change. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. This review will explore BCG-induced trained immunity, including the required pathways to establish this phenotype. Additionally, potential methods to improve or expand BCG trained immunity effects through alternative vaccine delivery and formulation methods will be discussed. Finally, advances in new anti-Mtb vaccines, other antimicrobial uses for BCG, and “innate memory-based vaccines” will be examined.
【저자키워드】 Vaccine, mucosal immunity, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), innate immune memory, 【초록키워드】 Immunity, Vaccines, Tuberculosis, Vaccine design, Infection, immune responses, BCG, pathway, phenotype, Pathogens, Adaptive immune response, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mechanism, innate immune, microbe, adaptive immune responses, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, lower mortality, paradigm, Bacillus, Effect, IMPROVE, examined, required, induce, evade, expand, target pathogen, 【제목키워드】 development, lesson, Bacillus,