Abstract
Historically, passive immunotherapy is an approved approach for protecting and treating humans against various diseases when other alternative therapeutic options are unavailable. Human polyclonal antibodies (hpAbs) can be made from convalescent human donor serum, although it is considered limited due to pandemics and the urgent requirement. Additionally, polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) could be generated from animals, but they may cause severe immunoreactivity and, once “humanized,” may have lower neutralization efficiency. Transchromosomic bovines (TcBs) have been developed to address these concerns by creating robust neutralizing hpAbs, which are useful in preventing and/or curing human infections in response to hyperimmunization with vaccines holding adjuvants and/or immune stimulators over an extensive period. Unlike other animal-derived pAbs, potent hpAbs could be promptly produced from TcB in large amounts to assist against an outbreak scenario. Some of these highly efficacious TcB-derived antibodies have already neutralized and blocked diseases in clinical studies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has numerous variants classified into variants of concern (VOCs), variants of interest (VOIs), and variants under monitoring. Although these variants possess different mutations, such as N501Y, E484K, K417N, K417T, L452R, T478K, and P681R, SAB-185 has shown broad neutralizing activity against VOCs, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, and VOIs, such as Epsilon, Iota, Kappa, and Lambda variants. This article highlights recent developments in the field of bovine-derived biotherapeutics, which are seen as a practical platform for developing safe and effective antivirals with broad activity, particularly considering emerging viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Zika, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and influenza A virus. Antibodies in the bovine serum or colostrum, which have been proved to be more protective than their human counterparts, are also reviewed.
Keywords: Ebola; HIV-1; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Zika; antibody-based therapies; bovine-derived biotherapeutics; emerging viruses; influenza A virus; transchromosomic bovines.
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, MERS-CoV, HIV-1, Zika, Ebola, antibody-based therapies, bovine-derived biotherapeutics, emerging viruses, transchromosomic bovines., 【초록키워드】 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, viral infection, Vaccine, coronavirus, Antiviral, antibody, Influenza, neutralization, Immunotherapy, Human, mutations, variant, influenza A virus, variants of concern, Delta, adjuvants, MERS, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, omicron, influenza A, Omicron variants, viral infections, variants, immune, serum, Neutralizing activity, Viral, L452R, outbreak, animals, N501Y, K417N, Epsilon, HIV-1, VOCs, Pandemics, Gamma, Clinical studies, Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, Alpha, variants of interest, bovine, E484K, Beta, Zika, Ebola, polyclonal antibodies, Neutralizing, adjuvant, VOIs, respiratory, P681R, convalescent, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Human immunodeficiency virus, disease, platform, antibody-based therapies, emerging viruses, Protective, Lambda, Donor, Biotherapeutics, colostrum, Iota, Efficiency, Safe, Middle East, therapeutic option, polyclonal antibody, T478K, acute respiratory syndrome, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human infection, immunoreactivity, human infections, respiratory syndrome coronavirus, hyperimmunization, approach, effective, neutralized, highlight, robust, produced, shown, blocked, approved, assist, creating, 【제목키워드】 neutralizing antibody, Biotherapeutics, viral pathogen,