Abstract
While immunopathology has been widely studied in patients with severe COVID-19, immune responses in non-hospitalized patients have remained largely elusive. We systematically analyze 484 peripheral cellular or soluble immune features in a longitudinal cohort of 63 mild and 15 hospitalized patients versus 14 asymptomatic and 26 household controls. We observe a transient increase of IP10/CXCL10 and interferon-β levels, coordinated responses of dominant SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 and fewer CD8 T cells, and various antigen-presenting and antibody-secreting cells in mild patients within 3 days of PCR diagnosis. The frequency of key innate immune cells and their functional marker expression are impaired in hospitalized patients at day 1 of inclusion. T cell and dendritic cell responses at day 1 are highly predictive for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses after 3 weeks in mild but not hospitalized patients. Our systematic analysis reveals a combinatorial picture and trajectory of various arms of the highly coordinated early-stage immune responses in mild COVID-19 patients.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; combinatorial analysis; early-stage response; immunology; mild patients; non-hospitalized; predict antibody levels; systems immunology; transient cytokine response.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, immunology, SARS-CoV-2, systems immunology, non-hospitalized, combinatorial analysis, early-stage response, mild patients, predict antibody levels, transient cytokine response., 【초록키워드】 immunology, immune response, severe COVID-19, antibody, T cells, CXCL10, Antibody Response, interferon, Diagnosis, cytokine, immunopathology, hospitalized patients, CD4, immune, Cohort, T cell, PCR, Asymptomatic, immune responses, response, Patient, Mild, trajectory, immune cells, Innate immune cells, antibody levels, expression, predict, CD8 T cells, dendritic cell, antibody-secreting cell, mild patients, marker, IP10, cellular, Frequency, cytokine response, Predictive, antibody-secreting cells, mild COVID-19 patients, while, systematic analysis, dominant, Inclusion, Arm, controls, feature, observé, remained, functional, hospitalized patient, reveal, innate immune cell, mild patient, 【제목키워드】 antiviral immunity, predict, Analysis, immune reaction, reveal, mild COVID-19 patient,