Abstract
Isoprostanes are the potential biomarkers of endogenous human metabolism and proven clinically to provide the quantitative measure of systematic oxidative injury. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analytical method capable of determining four biomarkers of oxidative stress (8-iso-PGF2α, 2,3-dinor-iPF2α-III, PGE2, and 5-iPF2α-VI) in wastewater was developed and validated. Isoprostanes were quantified in the range of 31.1-1270 ng/L in raw wastewater samples in two communities in western Kentucky and Tennessee during the first four months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent detection of PGE2 and 5-iPF2α-VI in wastewater suggested that PGE2 and 5-iPF2α-VI can be a reliable biomarker of community oxidative anxiety. The higher 4-month average mass load of isoprostanes [(ranged from 22.9 mg/d/1000 people to 807 mg/d/1000 people] may be attributed to the elevated community level oxidative anxiety owing COVID-19 uncertainties. The average mass loads of PGE2 and 5-iPF2α-VI in a community were significantly increased (two-tailed p < 0.001) from the first month of COVID-19 pandemic to the second month; however, significantly decreased (two-tailed p < 0.001) in the third month. Wastewater-based-epidemiological determination of isoprostanes can be a near-real-time and cost-effective approach of a trend in community depression. This is the first report of the quantification of PGE2 and 5-iPF2α-VI in wastewater and estimation of the community level oxidative anxiety.
Keywords: Ammoniacal nitrogen based population; COVID Pandemic; Isoprostanes; Oxidative stress; Wastewater based epidemiology.
【저자키워드】 oxidative stress, COVID pandemic, wastewater based epidemiology, Ammoniacal nitrogen based population, Isoprostanes, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, Biomarker, Anxiety, Depression, Epidemiology, COVID-19 pandemic, oxidative stress, metabolism, COVID, wastewater, Community, quantification, Quantitative, estimation, Potential biomarker, Injury, nitrogen, analytical method, average, potential biomarkers, PGE2, approach, ultra-performance liquid chromatography, oxidative, significantly increased, significantly, clinically, elevated, suggested, quantified, Isoprostane, two-tailed, 【제목키워드】 Biomarker, Isoprostane,