Abstract
The lack of a vaccine or any effective treatment for the aggressive novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has created a sense of urgency for the discovery of effective drugs. Several repurposing pharmaceutical candidates have been reported or envisaged to inhibit the emerging infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but their binding sites, binding affinities and inhibitory mechanisms are still unavailable. In this study, we use the ligand-protein docking program and molecular dynamic simulation to ab initio investigate the binding mechanism and inhibitory ability of seven clinically approved drugs (Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Ritonavir, Beclabuvir, Indinavir and Favipiravir) and a recently designed α-ketoamide inhibitor (13b) at the molecular level. The results suggest that Chloroquine has the strongest binding affinity with 3CL hydrolase (Mpro) among clinically approved drugs, indicating its effective inhibitory ability for SARS-CoV-2. However, the newly designed inhibitor 13b shows potentially improved inhibition efficiency with larger binding energy compared with Chloroquine. We further calculate the important binding site residues at the active site and demonstrate that the MET 165 and HIE 163 contribute the most for 13b, while the MET 165 and GLN 189 for Chloroquine, based on residual energy decomposition analysis. The proposed work offers a higher research priority for 13b to treat the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and provides theoretical basis for further design of effective drug molecules with stronger inhibition.
Keywords: 3CL Mpro; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; binding free energy; drug design; ligand-protein docking; α-ketoamide inhibitor.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, drug design, binding free energy, 3CL Mpro, ligand-protein docking, α-ketoamide inhibitor., 【초록키워드】 Treatment, coronavirus disease, Vaccine, coronavirus, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, drug design, Ritonavir, Infection, Remdesivir, Favipiravir, docking, novel coronavirus disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, binding free energy, binding affinity, binding site, binding energy, approved drugs, free energy, Novel coronavirus, effective drugs, MPro, Indinavir, Research, molecular, inhibitor, mechanism, 3CL, binding, Analysis, Efficiency, active site, binding affinities, approved drug, acute respiratory syndrome, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, residue, candidate, treat, urgency, sense, binding mechanism, offer, inhibitory, effective, 3CL hydrolase, Beclabuvir, Seven, lack, reported, clinically, inhibit, provide, contribute, calculate, MET, 【제목키워드】 inhibitor, Potential,