Abstract
Background: Natural and vaccine-induced immunity will play a key role in controlling the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 variants have the potential to evade natural and vaccine-induced immunity.
Methods: In a longitudinal cohort study of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, we investigated the protection from symptomatic and asymptomatic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection conferred by vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2, Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCOV-19) and prior infection (determined using anti-spike antibody status), using Poisson regression adjusted for age, sex, temporal changes in incidence and role. We estimated protection conferred after 1 versus 2 vaccinations and from infections with the B.1.1.7 variant identified using whole genome sequencing.
Results: In total, 13 109 HCWs participated; 8285 received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (1407 two doses), and 2738 the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine (49 two doses). Compared to unvaccinated seronegative HCWs, natural immunity and 2 vaccination doses provided similar protection against symptomatic infection: no HCW vaccinated twice had symptomatic infection, and incidence was 98% lower in seropositive HCWs (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.02 [95% confidence interval {CI} < .01-.18]). Two vaccine doses or seropositivity reduced the incidence of any PCR-positive result with or without symptoms by 90% (0.10 [95% CI .02-.38]) and 85% (0.15 [95% CI .08-.26]), respectively. Single-dose vaccination reduced the incidence of symptomatic infection by 67% (0.33 [95% CI .21-.52]) and any PCR-positive result by 64% (0.36 [95% CI .26-.50]). There was no evidence of differences in immunity induced by natural infection and vaccination for infections with S-gene target failure and B.1.1.7.
Conclusions: Natural infection resulting in detectable anti-spike antibodies and 2 vaccine doses both provide robust protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, including against the B.1.1.7 variant.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; antibody; healthcare worker; immunity; vaccine.
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, Immunity, antibody, healthcare worker, vaccine., 【초록키워드】 Vaccine, coronavirus, vaccination, pandemic, Healthcare workers, antibody, SARS-COV-2 infection, Sequencing, SARS-CoV-2 variant, Infection, Sex, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, vaccine dose, BNT162b2, polymerase chain reaction, Whole genome sequencing, B.1.1.7 variant, SARS-CoV-2 variants, B.1.1.7, HCWs, symptomatic, healthcare, incidence rate, Seropositivity, age, incidence, natural infection, United Kingdom, ChAdOx1, Pfizer-BioNTech, seropositive, seronegative, anti-spike antibodies, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, anti-spike antibody, symptomatic infection, Evidence, dose, Oxford-AstraZeneca, S-gene, natural immunity, Vaccine-induced immunity, Single-dose, HCW, evidence of, no evidence of, Chain Reaction, rate ratio, confidence interval, natural, acute respiratory syndrome, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, PCR-positive, longitudinal cohort study, Poisson regression, doses, whole genome, polymerase chain, robust, resulting, investigated, detectable, provided, reduced, adjusted, changes in, evade, symptomatic and asymptomatic, without symptom, 【제목키워드】 coronavirus 2, respiratory, status, worker,