Abstract
Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and elimination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It helps in identifying between self and nonself-molecule and eventually eliminates the nonself. Endosomal TLR, mainly TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and membrane-bound TLR4, has a role in the induction of cytokine storms. TLR7/8 recognizes the ssRNA SARS-COV-2 and when it replicates to dsRNA, it is recognized by TLR3 and drives the TRIF-mediated inflammatory signaling like NF-κB, MAPK. Such signaling leads to significant transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory genes, releasing inflammatory molecules into the systemic circulation, causing an imbalance in the system. So, whenever an imbalance occurs, a surge in the pro-inflammatory mediators is observed in the blood, including cytokines like interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. IL-6 and IL-1β are one of the driving factors for bringing the cytokine storm into the systemic circulation, which migrates into the other organs, causing multiple organ failures leading to the death of the individual with severe illness.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-COV-2; TLRs; cytokines; multiple-organ failure; ssRNA.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cytokines, TLRs, multiple-organ failure, ssRNA., 【초록키워드】 Necrosis, Tumor, Cytokine storm, Cytokines, translation, IL-6, TLR4, Transcription, immune regulation, TLR7, interferon, TLRs, cytokine, Toll-like receptor, Elimination, innate immune system, interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, pathogen, death, IL-8, Toll-like receptors, circulation, multiple organ failure, Blood, NF-κB, TLR3, IL-4, IL-1β, Signaling, dsRNA, multiple-organ failure, Inflammatory, MAPK, Cytokine storms, tumor necrosis, Imbalance, Factor, systemic circulation, TRIF, individual, TLR8, other organs, help, TLR7/8, pro-inflammatory mediators, ssRNA, multiple organ failures, Pro-inflammatory genes, driving, membrane-bound, killing, TLR, inflammatory signaling, endosomal, nonself, replicate, recognize, recognizing, Balanced, multiple-organ, pro-inflammatory mediator, the cytokine storm, 【제목키워드】 Toll-like receptor, Signaling, modulation, role,