Abstract
The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the human immune system is at the basis of the positive or negative outcome of the infection. Monocytes and macrophages, which are major innate immune/inflammatory effector cells, are not directly infected by SARS-CoV-2, however they can react to the virus and mount a strong reaction. Whether this first interaction and reaction may bias innate reactivity to re-challenge, a phenomenon known as innate memory, is currently unexplored and may be part of the long-term sequelae of COVID-19. Here, we have tested the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 and some of its proteins to induce innate memory in human monocytes in vitro . Our preliminary results show that the Spike protein subunits S1 and S2 and the entire heat-inactivated virus have no substantial effect. Conversely, monocytes pre-exposed to the nucleocapsid N protein react to subsequent viral or bacterial challenges with an increased production of anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra, a response profile suggesting a milder response to new infections.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; cytokines; innate immunity; innate memory; monocytes; nucleoprotein.
【저자키워드】 Monocytes, SARS-CoV-2, Cytokines, Innate immunity, nucleoprotein, innate memory, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, Monocytes, Cytokines, macrophages, Anti-inflammatory, Innate immunity, Infection, in vitro, outcome, virus, Spike protein, memory, monocyte, Protein, infections, nucleocapsid, N protein, nucleoprotein, Bacterial, Interaction, Protein subunit, Human immune system, reaction, phenomenon, positive, effector cells, heat-inactivated virus, human monocyte, human monocytes, tested, S1 and S2, subsequent, induce, reactivity, the Spike, 【제목키워드】 Innate, human monocyte,