Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 encodes the structural proteins spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). The receptor-binding domain on the surface subunit S1 is responsible for attachment of the virus to angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is highly expressed in host cells. The cytokine storm observed in patients with COVID-19 contributes to the endothelial vascular dysfunction, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure, alteration in iron homeostasis, and death. Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which belongs to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins, has a pivotal role in the development and progression of diseases because of its role as a metabolic regulator. In COVID-19, GDF15 activity increases in response to tissue damage. GDF15 appears to be a strong predictor of poor outcomes in patients critically ill with COVID-19 and acts as an ‘inflammation-induced central mediator of tissue tolerance’ via its metabolic properties. In this review, we examine the potential properties of GDF15 as an emerging modulator of immunity in COVID-19 in association with iron metabolism. The virus life cycle in host cell provides potential targets for drug therapy.
Keywords: COVID-19; GDF15; iron; metabolism; therapeutic.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, iron, GDF15, metabolism, therapeutic., 【초록키워드】 coronavirus disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, Tolerance, Respiratory distress syndrome, Coronavirus disease 2019, ACE2, Cytokine storm, coronavirus, pandemic, therapy, acute respiratory distress syndrome, Immunity, cardiovascular diseases, iron, Proteins, outcome, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, virus, GDF15, metabolism, drug therapy, Receptor-binding domain, Critically ill, nucleocapsid, therapeutic, Patient, death, envelope, membrane, structural proteins, target, Iron metabolism, structural protein, vascular dysfunction, association, acute respiratory distress, TGF-β, angiotensin, host cells, respiratory distress, life cycle, host cell, mediator, transforming growth factor, Virus life cycle, endothelial, acute respiratory syndrome, subunit, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, tissue, tissue damage, enzyme, growth, alteration, attachment, domain, multiorgan failure, syndrome, progression of disease, iron homeostasis, ENCODE, responsible, caused, appear, provide, contribute, expressed, increases in, patients with COVID-19, with COVID-19, 【제목키워드】 Immunity, iron, metabolism, association,