Abstract
Introduction: Drug repurposing is the need of the hour considering the medical emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, cytokine storm by the host immune system has been linked with high viral load, loss of lung function, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, and subsequent fatal outcome.
Objective: This study aimed to identify potential FDA approved drugs that can be repurposed for COVID-19 treatment using an in-silico analysis.
Methods: In this study, virtual screening of selected FDA approved drugs was performed by targeting the main protease (M pro ) of SARS-CoV-2 and the key molecules involved in the ‘Cytokine storm’ in COVID-19 patients. Based on our preliminary screening supported by extensive literature search, we selected FDA approved drugs to target the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro ) and the key players of cytokine storm, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. These compounds were examined based on systematic docking studies and further validated using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanic/generalized/Born/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/G/P/BSA) free energy calculations.
Results: Based on the findings, Rifampicin and Letermovir appeared as the most promising drug showing a very good binding affinity with the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. However, it is pertinent to mention here that our findings need further validation by in vitro analysis and clinical trials.
Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the drug repurposing approach in which several FDA approved drugs were examined to inhibit COVID-19 infection by targeting the main protease of SARS-COV-2 and the cytokine storm.
Keywords: COVID-19; Cytokine storm; Drug repurposing; Main protease Mpro; Molecular docking; Molecular dynamics simulation.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, Drug repurposing, Cytokine storm, molecular docking, Molecular dynamics simulation, Main protease Mpro, 【초록키워드】 Treatment, Drug repurposing, SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS, Cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, IL-6, COVID-19 pandemic, molecular docking, clinical trials, Virtual screening, drug, molecular dynamics, protease, in vitro, outcome, molecular dynamics simulations, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, FDA approved drug, binding affinity, Molecular dynamics simulation, free energy, Free energy calculations, COVID-19 treatment, COVID-19 infection, Viral load, Lung function, rifampicin, molecular, multiple organ failure, in-silico, COVID-19 patients, TNF-α, acute respiratory distress, IL-1β, Combination, docking study, FDA approved Drugs, Analysis, respiratory distress, medical emergency, surface area, Letermovir, hour, high viral load, Compound, M pro, syndrome, host immune system, these compounds, approach, selected, identify, examined, caused, involved, subsequent, inhibit, was performed, supported, provide, the cytokine storm, the SARS-CoV-2, 【제목키워드】 in-silico, drug candidate,