Abstract
Vitamin D has been described as an essential nutrient and hormone, which can cause nuclear, non-genomic, and mitochondrial effects. Vitamin D not only controls the transcription of thousands of genes, directly or indirectly through the modulation of calcium fluxes, but it also influences the cell metabolism and maintenance specific nuclear programs. Given its broad spectrum of activity and multiple molecular targets, a deficiency of vitamin D can be involved in many pathologies. Vitamin D deficiency also influences mortality and multiple outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Active and native vitamin D serum levels are also decreased in critically ill patients and are associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) and in-hospital mortality. In addition to regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis, vitamin D-related mechanisms regulate adaptive and innate immunity. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have a role in excessive proinflammatory cell recruitment and cytokine release, which contribute to alveolar and full-body endothelial damage. AKI is one of the most common extrapulmonary manifestations of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There are also some correlations between the vitamin D level and COVID-19 severity via several pathways. Proper vitamin D supplementation may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for AKI and has the benefits of low cost and low risk of toxicity and side effects.
Keywords: acute kidney injury; anti-inflammatory effects; antioxidant; coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); vitamin D deficiency.
【저자키워드】 Anti-inflammatory effects, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Acute kidney injury, antioxidant, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), vitamin D deficiency., 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus disease 2019, coronavirus, Anti-inflammatory effects, Mortality, adaptive, Vitamin D, Anti-inflammatory, Innate immunity, Transcription, Infection, COVID-19 severity, risk, Toxicity, endothelial damage, Acute kidney injury, Chronic kidney disease, outcome, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, antioxidant, vitamin D deficiency, metabolism, proinflammatory, AKI, Critically ill, Control, Kidney disease, hormone, Vitamin, targets, molecular, Side effects, correlation, recruitment, Pathologies, calcium, mechanism, therapeutic strategy, homeostasis, critically ill patients, in-hospital mortality, broad spectrum, regulate, Pathways, manifestation, CKD, mitochondrial, phosphate, essential nutrient, Critically ill patient, deficiency, Vitamin D supplementation, acute respiratory syndrome, modulation, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, severe coronavirus disease, vitamin D level, cell metabolism, cytokine release, nuclear, alveolar, Genes, Effects, benefit, Cell, described, involved, addition, contribute, influence, acute kidney, non-genomic, vitamin D serum, 【제목키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, role,