Abstract
Current human research on COVID-19 – SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus) showed that ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) is a functional receptor to which the spike proteins attach. Invertebrates have been exposed to a wide array of threats for millennia and their immune system has evolved to deal with these efficiently. The annelid Enchytraeus crypticus, a standard ecotoxicological species, is an invertebrate species where extensive mechanisms of response studies are available, covering all levels from gene to population responses. Nanomaterials (NMs) are often perceived as invaders (e.g. virus) and can enter the cell covered by a corona, triggering similar responses. We created a database on E. crypticus ACE gene expression, aiming to analyse the potential knowledge transfer between invertebrates and vertebrates. Total exposure experiments sum 87 stress conditions for 18 different nanomaterials (NMs). ACE expression following TiO 2 NM exposure was clearly different from other NMs showing a clear (6-7 fold) ACE down-regulation, not observed for any other NMs. Other NMs, notably Ag NMs, and to some extent Cu NMs, caused ACE up-regulation (up to 4 fold). The extensive knowledge from response to NMs can support the immuno-research community, especially to develop therapies for virus that trigger the innate immune system.
Keywords: ACE; Conserved mechanisms; Inflammatory; Innate immune response; Stress response.
【저자키워드】 innate immune response, Inflammatory, ACE, Conserved mechanisms, Stress response., 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Corona virus, ACE2, therapy, innate immune response, knowledge, threat, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, immune system, virus, database, angiotensin converting enzyme, immune, innate immune system, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Corona, Research, Community, stress response, receptor, experiment, respiratory, nanomaterials, Other, expression, mechanism, angiotensin, Inflammatory, Innate, Spike proteins, Support, Threats, enzyme, transfer, down-regulation, fold, stress condition, vertebrates, invertebrates, stress conditions, triggering, ACE gene, invertebrate, responses, Nanomaterial, Cell, current, develop, caused, functional, the spike protein, Total, 【제목키워드】 virus, Activation, lesson,