Abstract
The recent pandemic which arose from China, is caused by a pathogenic virus named “severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)”. Its rapid global expansion has inflicted an extreme public health concern. The attachment of receptor-binding domains (RBD) of the spike proteins (S) to the host cell’s membrane, with or without the help of other cellular components such as proteases and especially co-receptors, is required for the first stage of its pathogenesis. In addition to humans, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is found on a wide range of vertebrate host’s cellular surface. SARS-CoV-2 has a broad spectrum of tropism; thus, it can infect a vast range of tissues, organs, and hosts; even though the surface amino acids of the spike protein conflict in the receptor-binding region. Due to the heterogeneous ACE2 distribution and the presence of different domains on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for binding, the virus entry into diverse host cell types may depend on the host cells’ receptor presentation with or without co-receptors. This review investigates multiple current types of receptor and co-receptor tropisms, with other molecular factors alongside their respective mechanisms, which facilitate the binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cells, extending the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 from this perspective can effectively help prevent this disease and provide more potent treatment strategies, particularly in vulnerable people with various cellular-level susceptibilities.
【초록키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus disease, public health, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus disease 2019, ACE2, pandemic, Pathogenesis, severity, protease, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Spike protein, China, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Receptor-binding domain, cells, RBD, humans, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, virus entry, amino acids, understanding, membrane, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Proteases, mechanisms, receptors, receptor, molecular, disease, binding, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Coronavirus-2, Amino acid, cellular, broad spectrum, angiotensin, Spike proteins, tropism, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2, host cell, first stage, acute respiratory syndrome, Factor, Treatment strategies, tissues, Perspective, attachment, domain, help, pathogenesis of COVID-19, hosts, heterogeneous, organs, receptor-binding domains, ACE2 distribution, pathogenic virus, infect, Host, Prevent, cellular component, extreme, caused, addition, required, facilitate, the spike protein, entry of SARS-CoV-2, susceptibilities, the SARS-CoV-2, 【제목키워드】 Co-receptor,