Abstract
Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection correlates with MM features. This study aimed to identify MM prognostic biomarkers with potential association with COVID-19.
Methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in five MM data sets (GSE47552, GSE16558, GSE13591, GSE6477, and GSE39754) with the same expression trends were screened out. Functional enrichment analysis and the protein-protein interaction network were performed for all DEGs. Prognosis-associated DEGs were screened using the stepwise Cox regression analysis in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) MMRF-CoMMpass cohort and the GSE24080 data set. Prognosis-associated DEGs associated with COVID-19 infection in the GSE164805 data set were also identified.
Results: A total of 98 DEGs with the same expression trends in five data sets were identified, and 83 DEGs were included in the protein-protein interaction network. Cox regression analysis identified 16 DEGs were associated with MM prognosis in the TCGA cohort, and only the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C (COX6C) gene (HR = 1.717, 95% CI 1.231-2.428, p = .002) and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene (HR = 0.882, 95% CI 0.798-0.975, p = .014) were independent factors related to MM prognosis in the GSE24080 data set. Both of them were downregulated in patients with mild COVID-19 infection compared with controls but were upregulated in patients with severe COVID-19 compared with patients with mild illness.
Conclusions: The NOD2 and COX6C genes might be used as prognostic biomarkers in MM. The two genes might be associated with the development of COVID-19 infection.
Keywords: bioinformatics analysis; coronavirus disease 2019; multiple myeloma; overall survival.
【저자키워드】 Coronavirus disease 2019, Multiple myeloma, Bioinformatics analysis, overall survival., 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus disease, Prognostic biomarkers, Coronavirus disease 2019, severe COVID-19, Prognosis, Hematological malignancy, Cancer, Genome, bioinformatics, Infection, Cohort, survival, Multiple myeloma, Features, COVID-19 infection, Patient, Control, NOD2, Mild, oligomerization, Bioinformatics analysis, expression, Differentially expressed genes, protein-protein interaction, differentially expressed gene, prognostic biomarker, association, nucleotide, data set, Cytochrome C, Factor, subunit, 95% CI, domain, Cox regression analysis, overall survival, Functional enrichment analysis, DEGs, mild illness, Multiple, cytochrome c oxidase, FIVE, independent, COX6C, identify, performed, screened, upregulated, downregulated, with COVID-19, 【제목키워드】 Gene Expression, Cancer, Genome, Genetic, Characteristics, Microarray, New,