Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic challenges have been only partially addressed so far. The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 is considered the combination of severe and high infectivity. Herdimmunity is attained when a critical proportion of the population is immune, providing the virus with fewer chances to spread locally. To overcome the rising tide of the COVID-19 pandemic, efficacious and safe vaccines providing defensive and long-lasting immunity responses are urgently needed.Vaccines that induce virus-neutralizing antibodies with great affinity can optimally fight against infection. Worldwide, over 120 novel vaccine candidates, including live-attenuated, inactivated, viral-vectored nonreplicating and replicating, peptide- and protein-based, and nucleic acid-based approaches are in the process of preclinical and clinical trials (phase 1-4). In addition to comprehensive safety assessments and immune responses, precise clinical management is also important for trials of vaccines. The recent emergence of different variants of SARS-CoV-2 is becoming a new threat for the world and a challenge for scientists to introduce the most influential vaccine against COVID-19. The possibility of natural and vaccine-induced immunity in variants finds it necessary to establish next-generation vaccines, which generate general neutralization against existing and future variants. Here, we summarize the cellular and humoral responses of SARS-CoV-2, current progress in vaccination development, the antibody titer response of available phase 4 vaccinations in vaccinated populations of different countries worldwide, and the success and challenges ahead of vaccine development.
Keywords: Adaptive immunity; Antibody titer; COVID-19; Cellular immunity; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2 variants; Vaccination.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptive immunity, vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 variants, cellular immunity, Antibody titer, 【초록키워드】 Adaptive immunity, Vaccine, Vaccine development, vaccination, clinical trial, Trial, Immunity, Vaccines, Neutralizing antibodies, neutralization, COVID-19 pandemic, variant, Infection, peptide, virus, variants, immune, Population, Spread, nucleic acid, Humoral response, SARS-CoV-2 variants, cellular immunity, immune responses, response, Antibody titer, Clinical management, pathogenicity, Critical, inactivated, cellular, Combination, Vaccine-induced immunity, Safe, phase 4, Safety assessment, vaccine candidates, virus-neutralizing antibodies, variants of SARS-CoV-2, approach, country, Cellular and humoral responses, virus-neutralizing antibody, proportion, addition, generate, overcome, long-lasting, induce, addressed, rising, 【제목키워드】 immune response, COVID-19 vaccination, Antibody titer, country, current,