The first confirmed case of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States was reported on January 20, 2020. As of November 24, 2020, close to 12.2 million cases of COVID-19 was confirmed in the US, with over 255,958 deaths. The rapid transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), its unusual and divergent presentation has strengthened the status of COVID-19 as a major public health threat. In this review, we aim to 1- discuss the epidemiological data from various COVID-19 patient cohorts around the world and the USA as well the associated risk factors; 2- summarize the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the underlying molecular mechanisms for the respiratory and cardiovascular manifestations; 3- highlight the potential treatments and vaccines as well as current clinical trials for COVID-19. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, Treatment, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, RBD, receptor-binding domain, Clinical features, physiopathology, TMPRSS2, Transmembrane serine protease 2, SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, DENV, dengue virus, HCoV, human coronavirus, IFN, interferon, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, IL, interleukin, IGG, immunoglobulin g, NTD, N-terminal domain, WHO, World Health Organization, CT, Computed tomography, ICU, Intensive care unit, CRP, C-reactive protein, TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor, FDA, Food and Drug Administration, DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation, RAS, Renin-angiotensin system, MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging, JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus, ECG, electrocardiogram, RBM, receptor-binding motif, CTD, C-terminal domain, PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure, vWF, von Willebrand factor, ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, RDV, Remdesivir, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, AC, Anticoagulation, AngI, Angiotensin I, ARB, AngII-type I receptor blockers, AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide, CMRI, Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, DPP4, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, EC, Endothelial cells, GGO, Ground-glass opacities, HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, JAK2, Janus kinase 2, LV, Left ventricle, LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA, Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, PAR-1, Proteinase-activated receptor 1, PE, Pulmonary embolism, PKC, Protein kinase C, RV, Right ventricle, S-protein, Spike protein, STAT3, Signal transducer and activators of transcription 3, STEMI, ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction, TTC, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, TTE, Transthoracic echocardiography,