Background Over the last two decades, humanity has observed the extraordinary anomaly caused by novel, weird coronavirus strains, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has made its entry into the world, it has dramatically affected life in every domain by continuously producing new variants. The vaccine development is an ongoing process, although some vaccines got marketed. The big challenge is now whether the vaccine candidates can provide long-lasting protection or prevention against mutant variants. Methods The information was gathered from various journals, electronic searches via Internet-based information such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, online electronic journals, WHO landscape, world meters, WHO website, and News. Results This review will present and discuss some coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) related aspects including: the pathophysiology, epidemiology, mutant variants vaccine candidates, vaccine efficacy, and management strategies. Due to the high death rate, continuous spread, an inadequate workforce, lack of required therapeutics, and incomplete understanding of the viral strain, it becomes crucial to build the knowledge of its biological characteristics and make available the rapid diagnostic and vital therapeutic machinery for the combat and management of an infection. Conclusion The data summarizes current research on the COVID 19 infection and therapeutic interventions, which will direct future decision-making on the effort-worthy phases of the COVID 19 and the development of critical therapeutics. The only possible solution is the vaccine development targeting against all variant strains to halt its progress; the identified theoretical and practical knowledge can eliminate the gaps to improve a better understanding of the novel coronavirus structure and its design of a vaccine. In addition, to that the long-lasting protection is another challenging objective that need to be looked into.
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, Epidemiology, RBD, receptor-binding domain, ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, variant strains, COVID-19, Corona virus disease 2019, VOI, variant of interest, CRP, C-reactive protein, SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, NSP, Non-structural Proteins, VEE, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, vaccine candidates, ECDC, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, VOC, variant of concern, ORFs, open reading frames, FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen, RdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure, CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CMV, cytomegalovirus, MVA, Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara, HBV, hepatitis B virus, VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus, CHIKV, Chikungunya virus, ExoN, exoribonuclease, EBOV, Ebola virus, ADRP, ADP ribose-1′-phosphatase, ARTES, Germany: based biotechnology company specialized in recombinant protein production and process development from microbial expression systems, BIOCAD, BIO computer aided design RNA, CanVirex AG, Swiss Biotech Association, CARDS, Covid 19 acute respiratory distress syndrome, CBC, complete blood count, CCHFV, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen, CNBG, China National Biotec Group, CNRS, centre national de la recherche scientifique, CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure, DMVs, double-membrane vesicles, DWRAIR, Diseases/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, DZIF, German Center for Infection Research, ERGIC, endoplasmic reticulum- golgi intermediate compartment, GCIR, German Center for Infection Research, GMV, glycine mosaic virus, GLA, glucopyranosyl Lipid A, GPO, Government Pharmaceutical Organization, HeV, hepatitis virus E, HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula, HLC, high lung compliance, IAVI, international AIDS vaccine initiative, IDIBAPS, Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, IEM, Institute For Engineering in Medicine, InfA, influenza virus-A, INRAE, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, IPV, inactivated polio virus, IMV, Instruments de Médecine Vétérinaire, LASSA, lassa virus, LASV, lassa mammarenavirus, LinKinVax, French biotechnology startup that focuses on speeding up vaccine, LiteVax BV, spike-based (epitope screening), LLC, low lung compliance, LVVV, live viral vectored vaccine, MARV, Marburg virus, MDA5, melanoma differentiation associated protein, MIGAL, Galilee Research Institute Ltd, MMR, measles mumps rubella, NERVTAG, new and emerging respiratory virus Threats advisory group, NiV, Nippa virus, NIV, non-invasive ventilation, NLC, nanostructured Lipid Carriers, NORV, norovirus, NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer, O-MT,