Human coronaviruses, especially COVID-19, is an emerging pandemic infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. Coronaviruses are associated with comorbidities, along with the symptoms of it. SARS-CoV-2 is one of the highly pathogenic coronaviruses that causes a high death rate compared to the SARS-CoV and MERS. In this review, we focused on the mechanism of coronavirus with comorbidities and impairment in multi-organ function. The main dysfunction upon coronavirus infection is damage to alveolar and acute respiratory failure. It is associated with the other organ damage such as cardiovascular risk via an increased level of hypertension through ACE2, gastrointestinal dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, liver dysfunction, lung injury, CNS risk, ocular risks such as chemosis, conjunctivitis, and conjunctival hyperemia, cancer risk, venous thromboembolism, tuberculosis, aging, and cardiovascular dysfunction and reproductive risk. Along with this, we have discussed the immunopathology and coronaviruses at a molecular level and therapeutic approaches for the coronavirus infection. The comorbidities and multi-organ failure of COVID-19 have been explained at a molecular level along with the base of the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This review would help us to understand the comorbidities associated with the coronaviruses with multi-organ damage. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Comorbidities, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, IL, interleukin, WHO, World Health Organization, RT-PCR, Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, CNS, Central Nervous System, NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor, ALT, alanine aminotransferase, AST, aspartate aminotransferase, ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AKI, acute kidney injury, IFN, Interferons, COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease-19, ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme, CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy, Multi-organ failure and immunopathology, ARBs, angiotensin type II receptor blockers, CCL2, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2, CCL3, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3, CCL5, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5, CD4+, cluster of differentiation 4, CD8+, cluster of differentiation 8, CDK, chronic kidney disease, CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine 10, DPP-4, Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, DWI, diffusion-weighted images, GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase, MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome associated coronavirus, Mig, gamma interferon, RSAD2, radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2, SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome associated coronavirus, TLR, toll-like receptors, TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β,