Graphical abstract The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affected many people worldwide, especially those with underlying diseases. While some people with underlying illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases, are more vulnerable to develop severe COVID-19, other populations, including people who have autoimmune diseases, may develop severe diseases similar to the general population. The severity and outcome of COVID-19 are reviewed in individuals with underlying viral diseases, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome and hepatitis, however, some infectious diseases, including human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) diseases, is under-reported in the literature. HTLV-1 is a sexually transmitted disease that is endemic in some parts of the world. Infected patients may develop clinical symptoms of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia (ATL) or may remain asymptomatic during their life. To the best of our knowledge, no clinical studies evaluate the severity and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HTLV-1 infected patients. We aimed to review the pathogenesis of both of these viral infections and discuss their similarities in provoking immune responses. Although HTLV-1 infected patients may have had variable degrees of inflammation and immune system dysregulation, the available data is limited to conclude that HTLV-1 infected patients may be more vulnerable to developing severe COVID-19 in contrast to the general population.
【저자키워드】 Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Th, T helper, CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CMV, cytomegalovirus, Adult T cell leukemia, HBV, hepatitis B virus, Treg, Regulatory T cell, HCV, hepatitis C virus, Myelopathy – tropical spastic paraparesis, Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, HTLV-1, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, ATL, adult T cell leukemia, HAM/TSP, HTLV-1 associated myelopathy – tropical spastic paralysis, HBZ, HTLV-1 bZIP factor, INFs, Interferons,