Abstract
Ambient air pollution contributes to 7 million premature deaths annually. Concurrently, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, complicated with S-protein mutations and other variants, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in over 2.5 million deaths globally. Chronic air pollution-mediated cardiopulmonary diseases have been associated with an increased incidence of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation following COVID-19 transmission. While the underlying mechanisms responsible for this association remain elusive, air pollutant-induced vascular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses have been implicated in amplifying COVID-19-mediated cytokine release and vascular thrombosis. In addition, prolonged exposure to certain types of particulate matter (PM 2.5 , d < 2.5 μm) has also been correlated with increased lung epithelial and vascular endothelial expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors to which the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (S) bind for fusion and internalization into host cells. Emerging literature has linked high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection to regions with elevated levels of PM 2.5 , suggesting that COVID-19 lockdowns have been implicated in regional reductions in air pollutant-mediated cardiopulmonary effects. Taken together, an increased incidence of SARS-CoV-2-mediated cardiopulmonary diseases seems to overlap with highly polluted regions. To this end, we will review the redox-active components of air pollutants, the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and the key oxidative mechanisms and ACE2 overexpression underlying air pollution-exacerbated SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Keywords: Air pollution; COVID-19; Cardiopulmonary effects; SARS-CoV-2.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Air pollution, Cardiopulmonary effects, 【초록키워드】 coronavirus disease, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus disease 2019, ACE2, coronavirus, pandemic, Mutation, thrombosis, Inflammatory responses, mechanical ventilation, Hospitalization, lockdown, SARS-COV-2 infection, spike glycoprotein, Cardiopulmonary, oxidative stress, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, Region, pathophysiology, death, Particulate matter, Air pollution, Premature, receptor, incidence, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, fusion, expression, mechanism, association, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Inflammatory response, S-protein, angiotensin, COVID-19 transmission, chronic, host cells, exposure to, air pollutant, endothelial, acute respiratory syndrome, Vascular, overlap, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, other variants, internalization, component, cytokine release, overexpression, while, vascular thrombosis, cardiopulmonary diseases, redox, regions, Effects, lung epithelial, oxidative, prolonged exposure, cardiopulmonary disease, responsible, caused, amplifying, addition, elevated, contribute, correlated, reductions in, implicated, the SARS-CoV-2, 【제목키워드】 Inflammatory response, ambient, cardiopulmonary disease, Initiation,