Graphical abstract Like other infectious diseases, COVID-19 shows a clinical outcome enormously variable, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal. In Italy, like in other countries, old male individuals, with one or more comorbidity, are the most susceptible group, and show, consequently, the highest mortality, and morbidity, including lethal respiratory distress syndrome, as the most common complication. In addition, another extraordinary peculiarity, that is a surprising resistance to COVID-19, characterizes some Italian nonagenarians/centenarians. Despite having the typical COVID-19 signs and/or symptoms, such exceptional individuals show a surprising tendency to recover from illness and complications. On the other hand, long-lived people have an optimal performance of immune system related to an overexpression of anti-inflammatory variants in immune/inflammatory genes, as demonstrated by our and other groups. Consequently, we suggest long-lived people as an optimal model for detecting genetic profiles associated with the susceptibility and/or protection to COVID-19, to utilize as potential pharmacological targets for preventing or reducing viral infection in more vulnerable individuals.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, RBD, receptor-binding domain, ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, RSV, respiratory syncytial virus, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, ORF, open reading frame, DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation, T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus, SBP, systolic blood pressure, NK, natural killer, NO, Nitric Oxide, MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, ROS, reactive oxygen species, PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, Ang, angiotensin, DBP, diastolic blood pressure, RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism, PTMs, post-translational modifications, IFN-γ, interferon-γ, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism, LPS, lipopolysaccharide, MI, myocardial infarction, ssRNA, single-stranded RNA, EC, Endothelial cells, TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta, MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, I, insertion, D, deletion, PT, prothrombin time, HDACS, histone deacetylases, TLR4, Toll-Like Receptor 4, NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, ACE, angiotensin-I converting enzyme, ACE/DD, polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme, ADAM-17, metallopeptidase domain 17, aPTT, partial thromboplastin time, AT1R, activity of angiotensin 1 receptors, AT2R, activity of angiotensin 2 receptors, BMI, body max index, CCR5Δ32, genetic variant of chemokine receptor, Cox 2, cyclooxygenase 2, CpGIs, CpG islands, DCs, dentritic cells, DUSP1, dual specificity phosphatase 1, EH, essential hypertension, ET-1, endothelin-1, FDP, fibrin degradation products, FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21, FluAV, influenza A virus, HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus-1, hPIV2, human parainfluenza virus type 2, HSPs, heat shock proteins, INR, international normalized ratio of the prothrombin time, IP-10, IFN-γ -Inducible Protein 104, 5-LO, lipoxygenase 5, MKP-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (), Mphi, human macrophages, NF-Kb, nuclear transcription factor kB, PC, prostate cancer, PD, protease domain, RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, RAS, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, SARS CoV2, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus, SARS-1, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 1, SIRT-1, Sirtuin 1, SSCP, single strand conformation polymorphism, Th1, t-helper lymphocyte type 1, TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor, Italian nonagenarians/centenarians, Longevity model, Researching genetic basis of resistance and potential pharmacological targets,