Two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness with mixed schedules and extended dosing intervals: test-negative design studies from British Columbia and Quebec, Canada

Abstract Background The Canadian COVID-19 immunization strategy deferred second doses and allowed mixed schedules. We compared two-dose vaccine effectiveness (VE) by vaccine type (mRNA and/or ChAdOx1), interval between doses, and time since second dose in two of Canada’s larger provinces. Methods Two-dose VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection or hospitalization among adults ≥18-years-old, including due to Alpha, Gamma and Delta variants of concern (VOC), was assessed at ≥14 days post-vaccination by test-negative design studies separately conducted in British Columbia and Quebec, Canada between May 30 and November 27 (epi-weeks 22-47), 2021. Results In both provinces, all homologous or heterologous mRNA and/or ChAdOx1 two-dose schedules were associated with ≥90% reduction in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization risk for at least 7 months. With slight decline from a peak of >90%, VE against infection was ≥80% for at least 6 months following homologous mRNA vaccination, lower by ∼10% when both doses were ChAdOx1 but comparably-high following heterologous ChAdOx1 + mRNA receipt. Findings were similar by age group, sex and VOC. VE was significantly higher with longer 7–8-week vs. manufacturer-specified 3–4-week interval between mRNA doses. Conclusions Two doses of any mRNA and/or ChAdOx1 combination gave substantial and sustained protection against SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization, spanning Delta-dominant circulation. ChAdOx1 VE against infection was improved by heterologous mRNA series completion. A 7–8-week interval between first and second doses improved mRNA VE and may be the optimal schedule outside periods of intense epidemic surge. Findings support interchangeability and extended intervals between SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses, with potential global implications for low-coverage areas and, going forward, for children.