Abstract
Due to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), large amounts of antivirals were consumed and released into wastewater, posing risks to the ecosystem and human health. Ozonation is commonly utilized as pre-oxidation process to enhance the disinfection of hospital wastewater during COVID-19 spread. In this study, the transformation of ribavirin, antiviral for COVID-19, during ozone/PMS‑chlorine intensified disinfection process was investigated. •OH followed by O 3 accounted for the dominant ribavirin degradation in most conditions due to higher reaction rate constant between ribavirin and •OH vs. SO 4 • – (1.9 × 10 9 vs. 7.9 × 10 7 M -1 s -1 , respectively). During the O 3 /PMS process, ribavirin was dehydrogenated at the hydroxyl groups first, then lost the amide or the methanol group. Chloride at low concentrations (e.g., 0.5- 2 mg/L) slightly accelerated ribavirin degradation, while bromide, iodide, bicarbonate, and dissolved organic matter all reduced the degradation efficiency. In the presence of bromide, O 3 /PMS process resulted in the formation of organic brominated oxidation by-products (OBPs), the concentration of which increased with increasing bromide dosage. However, the formation of halogenated OBPs was negligible when chloride or iodide existed. Compared to the O 3 /H 2 O 2 process, the concentration of brominated OBPs was significantly higher after ozonation or the O 3 /PMS process. This study suggests that the potential risks of the organic brominated OBPs should be taken into consideration when ozonation and ozone-based processes are used to enhance disinfection in the presence of bromide amid COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Advanced oxidation process; Oxidation by-products; Ozonation; Peroxymonosulfate; Ribavirin.
【저자키워드】 ribavirin, Advanced oxidation process, Oxidation by-products, Ozonation, Peroxymonosulfate, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus disease, Coronavirus disease 2019, Antiviral, COVID-19 pandemic, hospital, risk, ribavirin, Spread, wastewater, Health, Disinfection, Degradation, Ozone, Concentration, Efficiency, Bicarbonate, followed by, chloride, Iodide, methanol, Oxidation, reaction rate, hydroxyl groups, hydroxyl group, organic matter, rate constant, dosage, potential risk, transformation, hydroxyl, dominant, ecosystem, amide, ENhance, bromide, investigated, reduced, accounted, condition, significantly higher, released, accelerated,