Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in humans more than two years ago and caused an unprecedented socio-economic burden on all countries around the world. Since then, numerous studies have attempted to identify various mechanisms involved in the alterations of innate and adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients, with the ultimate goal of finding ways to correct pathological changes and improve disease outcomes. State-of-the-art research methods made it possible to establish precise molecular mechanisms which the new virus uses to trigger multisystem inflammatory syndrome and evade host antiviral immune responses. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of published data that provide insight into pathological changes in T and B cell subsets and their phenotypes, accompanying the acute phase of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. This knowledge might help reveal new biomarkers that can be utilized to recognize case severity early as well as to provide additional objective information on the effective formation of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity and predict long-term complications of COVID-19, including a large variety of symptoms termed the ‘post-COVID-19 syndrome’.
Keywords: CD8+ T cell; COVID-19; Th cell subsets; Th17; antigen-presenting cell; cellular immunity; follicular Th cell; humoral immunity; monocyte; post-COVID-19 syndrome.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, Th17, monocyte, Humoral immunity, cellular immunity, Post-COVID-19 syndrome, Th cell subsets, CD8+ T cell, antigen-presenting cell, follicular Th cell, 【초록키워드】 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, Biomarker, adaptive, Immunity, knowledge, SARS-COV-2 infection, severity, Human, Th17, Infection, Symptom, molecular mechanism, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, Antigen, monocyte, outcomes, Humoral immunity, T cell, cellular immunity, immune responses, Research, information, disease, predict, mechanism, CD8+ T cell, COVID-19 patients, cellular, Inflammatory, antigen-presenting cell, humoral, Phenotypes, acute respiratory syndrome, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, comprehensive analysis, acute phase, alteration, syndrome, help, new virus, innate and adaptive immunity, CD8+, complications of COVID-19, pathological changes, antiviral immune responses, Host, country, effective, Th cell, IMPROVE, identify, caused, involved, recognize, variety, evade, pathological change, B cell subset, follicular, the SARS-CoV-2, 【제목키워드】 response, Comprehensive,