The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Here, we show a comprehensive profile of antibody, B cell and T cell dynamics over time in a cohort of patients who have recovered from mild-moderate COVID-19. Binding and neutralising antibody responses, together with individual serum clonotypes, decay over the first 4 months post-infection. A similar decline in Spike-specific CD4 + and circulating T follicular helper frequencies occurs. By contrast, S-specific IgG + memory B cells consistently accumulate over time, eventually comprising a substantial fraction of circulating the memory B cell pool. Modelling of the concomitant immune kinetics predicts maintenance of serological neutralising activity above a titre of 1:40 in 50% of convalescent participants to 74 days, although there is probably additive protection from B cell and T cell immunity. This study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 immunity after infection might be transiently protective at a population level. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might require greater immunogenicity and durability than natural infection to drive long-term protection. Longitudinal analyses are needed to show how the immune response to Sars-Cov-2 infection changes over time. Here, the authors use multiple strategies to profile the change in immune cell responses from patients with convalescent COVID-19 over the course of ~5 months, showing that although neutralizing antibody responses drop off after ~4 months, B cell immune responses strengthen.
【저자키워드】 viral infection, Immunological memory, CD4-positive T cells, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, IgG, Vaccine development, immune response, Immunity, antibody, SARS-COV-2 infection, Infection, memory B cells, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, CD4, immune, SARS-CoV-2 immunity, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, B cell, serum, Reinfection, Cohort, T cell, immune responses, Patient, convalescent, natural infection, serological, longitudinal, change, predict, Neutralizing antibody response, memory B cell, Protective, Neutralising activity, Frequency, Analysis, maintenance, Post-infection, Neutralising antibody responses, population level, participant, titre, neutralizing antibody responses, fraction, circulating, immune cell responses, Longitudinal analyses, implication, Cell, memory B, Course, greater, indicate, accumulate, cohort of patient, follicular, immune cell response, 【제목키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, immune response,