Extracellular vesicles releasing from various types of cells contribute to intercellular communication via delivering bio-molecules like nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. Exosomes are 30–120 nm extracellular vesicles that participate in several pathological conditions. Virus-infected cells release exosomes that are implicated in infection through transferring viral components such as viral-derived miRNAs and proteins. As well, exosomes contain receptors for viruses that make recipient cells susceptible to virus entry. Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection has become a worldwide urgent public health concern. There is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment existing for COVID-19 virus infection. Hence, it is critical to find a safe and effective therapeutic tool to patients with severe COVID-19 virus infection. Extracellular vesicles may contribute to spread this virus as they transfer such receptors as CD9 and ACE2, which make recipient cells susceptible to virus docking. Upon entry, COVID-19 virus may be directed into the exosomal pathway, and its component is packaged into exosomes for secretion. Exosome-based strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 virus infection may include following items: inhibition of exosome biogenesis and uptake, exosome-therapy, exosome-based drug delivery system, and exosome-based vaccine. Mesenchymal stem cells can suppress nonproductive inflammation and improve/repair lung cells including endothelial and alveolar cells, which damaged by COVID-19 virus infection. Understanding molecular mechanisms behind extracellular vesicles related COVID-19 virus infection may provide us with an avenue to identify its entry, replication, spreading, and infection to overcome its adverse effects. Highlights • Extracellular vesicles contribute to intercellular communication. • Virus-infected cells release extracellular vesicles contain viral components that promote infection. • Extracellular vesicles may contribute to spread COVID-19 virus as they transfer such receptors as CD9 and ACE2. • Upon entry, COVID-19 virus may be directed into the exosomal pathway, and its component is packaged into exosomes for secretion. • Extracellular vesicles may serve as a treatment agents for COVID-19 virus.
【저자키워드】 viral infection, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, Extracellular vesicles, Exosomes, ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, COVID-19 virus, TIM-1, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1, SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome, SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells, HSV-1, Herpes Simplex Virus 1, DC, Dendritic Cells, BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage, CMV, cytomegalovirus, ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, TTSP, type II transmembrane serine protease, APN, aminopeptidase N, DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, EBV, Epstein-Barr virus, KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Abs, Apoptotic Bodies, ACLF, Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure, dUTPase, deoxy-uridine triphosphatase, ESCRT, Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport, EVs, Extracellular Vesicles, ILVs, Intraluminal Vesicles, ISEV, International Society of Extracellular Vesicles, LIMK, LIM kinase, LMP-1, Latent Membrane Protein 1, MVB, Multivescular Body, MVs, Microvesicles, nSMase, Neutral Sphingomyelinase, MYLK, Myosin Light Chain Kinase, PBC, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, PBMNCs, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, PA, Phosphatidic Acid, ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinases, STING, Stimulator of INF Genes, TMPRSS2, TTSP Family Members Like Transmembrane Protease Serine Type 2,