Role of heterocyclic compounds in SARS and SARS CoV-2 pandemic

Graphical abstract Coronaviruses have led to severe emergencies in the world since the outbreak of SARS CoV in 2002, followed by MERS CoV in 2012. SARS CoV-2, the novel pandemic caused by coronaviruses that began in December 2019 in China has led to a total of 24,066,076 confirmed cases and a death toll of 823,572 as reported by World Health Organisation on 26 August 2020, spreading to 213 countries and territories. However, there are still no vaccines or medications available till date against SARS coronaviruses which is an urgent requirement to control the current pandemic like situations. Since many decades, heterocyclic scaffolds have been explored exhaustively for their anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral and many more treatment capabilities. Therefore, through this review, we have tried to emphasize on the anticipated role of heterocyclic scaffolds in the design and discovery of the much-awaited anti-SARS CoV-2 therapy, by exploring the research articles depicting different heterocyclic moieties as targeting SARS, MERS and SARS CoV-2 coronaviruses. The heterocyclic motifs mentioned in the review can serve as crucial resources for the development of SARS coronaviruses treatment strategies.

All Keywords
【저자키워드】 SARS CoV-2, Coronaviruses, pandemic, MERS, ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, PDB, Protein Data Bank, FDA, Food and Drug Administration, PLpro, papain-like protease, SARS CoV, ORFs, open reading frames, RdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, FIPV, feline infectious peritonitis virus, E protein, envelope protein, M protein, membrane protein, N protein, nucleocapsid protein, S protein, spike protein, WHO, World Health Organisation, Mpro, Main protease, PHEIC, Public Health Emergency of International Concern, NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Heterocyclic scaffolds, 2019-nCoV-2, 2019-novel coronavirus, 3CLpro, 3chymotrypsin-like protease, 9-O-SIA, 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, COMFA, Comparative molecular field analysis, COMSIA, Comparative molecular similarity indices analysis, COVID 19, Corona virus disease 2019, CPE, Cytopathic effect inhibition assay, CRFK cells, Confluent crandel feline kidney cells, CVB3 3Cpro, Coxsackievirus B 3 cysteine protease, Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans, Dabcyl-Lys-Thr-Ser-Ala-Val-Leu-Gln-Ser-Gly-Phe-Arg-Lys-Met-GluEdans, [4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo) benzoic acid]-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-[5-[2′-(aminoethyl)amino]-naphthalen, DTT, 1,4-Dithio-d,l-threitol, FRET analysis, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis, HBTU, Hexafluorophosphate benzotriazole tetramethyluronium, MD simulation, Molecular dynamics simulation, MERS CoV, Middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus, MM-GBSA, Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area, MM-PBSA, Molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area, NIH (MLPCN) screening, National Institutes of Health (Molecular libraries probe production centers network) screening, nsp10, non-structural protein 10, nsp12, non-structural protein 12, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, nsp13, non-structural protein 13, helicase, nsp14, non-structural protein 14, N-terminal exoribonuclease and C-terminal guanine-N7 methyl transferase, nsp15, non-structural protein 15, uridylate-specific endoribonuclease, nsp16, non-structural protein 16, 2′-O-methyl transferase, NTD, N-terminal domain, PC 3Cpro, Picornavirus 3 cysteine protease, PP1a, Polyprotein1a, PP1ab, Polyprotein1b, qRT-PCR, Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, QSAR, Quantitative structure-activity relationship, RASPD, Rapid Screening with Physicochemical Descriptors, SARS CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus, Z-RLRGG-AMC, Z-Arg-Leu-Arg-Gly-Gly-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin,