Abstract
Spacing of BNT162b2 mRNA doses beyond 3 weeks raises concerns about vaccine efficacy. We longitudinally analyze B cell, T cell, and humoral responses to two BNT162b2 mRNA doses administered 16 weeks apart in 53 SARS-CoV-2 naive and previously infected donors. This regimen elicits robust RBD-specific B cell responses whose kinetics differs between cohorts, the second dose leading to increased magnitude in naive participants only. While boosting does not increase magnitude of CD4 + T cell responses further compared with the first dose, unsupervised clustering of single-cell features reveals phenotypic and functional shifts over time and between cohorts. Integrated analysis shows longitudinal immune component-specific associations, with early T helper responses post first dose correlating with B cell responses after the second dose, and memory T helper generated between doses correlating with CD8 T cell responses after boosting. Therefore, boosting elicits a robust cellular recall response after the 16-week interval, indicating functional immune memory.
Keywords: AIM assay; B cells; CD4 T cell; CD4 T cell help; CD8 T cell; COVID-19; CP: Immunology; SARS-CoV-2; Spike glycoproteins; coronavirus; humoral responses; immunological memory; longer interval; mRNA vaccine; vaccine regimen.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, mRNA vaccine, B cells, Immunological memory, spike glycoproteins, humoral responses, CP: Immunology, CD8 T cell, AIM assay, CD4 T cell, CD4 T cell help, longer interval, vaccine regimen., 【초록키워드】 Efficacy, Vaccine, spike, CD4, CD8, immune, B cell, T cell, Humoral response, mRNA, response, Clustering, immune memory, donors, recall, single-cell, T cell response, BNT162b2 mRNA, cellular, Analysis, dose, humoral, B cell response, regimen, T helper, second dose, first dose, cohorts, participant, phenotypic, spacing, while, memory T, Administered, immunological, feature, robust, raise, functional, elicit, magnitude, reveal, associations, of BNT162b2, 【제목키워드】 Vaccine, Immunity, BNT162b2, T cell, association, regimen, robust, Temporal,