Abstract
Although many potent drugs have been used for cytokine storm, mortality is high for patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which is followed up in the intensive care unit. Interferons (IFNs) are the major cytokines of the antiviral defense system released from many cell types. However, IFN-γ plays a key role in both primary and secondary cytokine storms. If the cytokine storm is not treated urgently, it will be fatal; therefore, it should be treated immediately. Anakinra, an interleukin-1 (IL-1) antagonist, tocilizumab, an IL-6 antagonist, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are successfully used in cytokine storm caused by COVID-19. However, sometimes, despite these treatments, the patient’s clinical course does not improve. Emapalumab (Eb) is the human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody and is a potent and noncompetitive antagonist of IFN-γ. Eb can be life saving for cytokine storm caused by COVID-19, which is resistant to anakinra, tocilizumab, and JAK inhibitors.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; cytokine storm; emapalumab; interferon.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cytokine storm, interferon., emapalumab, 【초록키워드】 coronavirus, Mortality, Anakinra, intensive care, Antiviral, Tocilizumab, monoclonal antibody, interferon, cytokine, drug, Clinical course, Patient, jak inhibitors, inhibitor, Jak, IL-1, IFNs, IFN-γ, Janus kinase, Cytokine storms, IL-6 antagonist, cell types, Defense, IMPROVE, caused, the patient, treated, released, human immunoglobulin G1, the cytokine storm, 【제목키워드】 Tocilizumab, Janus kinase inhibitor, caused, Can,