Abstract
Cytokine storm is an umbrella term that describes an inflammatory syndrome characterized by elevated levels of circulating cytokines and hyperactivation of innate and/or adaptive immune cells. One type of cytokine storm is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which can be either primary or secondary. Severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can also lead to cytokine storm/cytokine release syndrome (CS/CRS) and, more rarely, meet criteria for the diagnosis of secondary HLH. Here, we review the immunobiology of primary and secondary HLH and examine whether COVID-19-associated CS/CRS can be discriminated from non-COVID-19 secondary HLH. Finally, we review differences in immunobiology between these different entities, which may inform both clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients.
Keywords: COVID-19; Cytokines; hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; immunobiology; immunology/microbiology/virology; inflammation.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, Inflammation, Cytokines, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, immunobiology, immunology/microbiology/virology, 【초록키워드】 Treatment, Inflammation, ARDS, Cytokine storm, adaptive, Pneumonia, Diagnosis, cytokine, immune cells, Clinical diagnosis, patients, HLH, acute respiratory distress, Inflammatory, criteria, Non-COVID-19, syndrome, Hyperactivation, elevated, characterized, circulating cytokine, 【제목키워드】 Cytokine storm, Non-COVID-19,