Abstract
The main aim of this study was to describe the clinical and immunological outcomes, as well as the inflammatory profile, of patients with advanced HIV in an assisted-living facility in which an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred. SARS-CoV-2 humoral and specific T-cell response were analyzed in patients with HIV infection and COVID-19; as a secondary objective of the analysis, levels of the inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα) were tested in the HIV/COVID-19 group, in HIV-positive patients without COVID-19, and in HIV-negative patients with mild/moderate COVID-19. Antibody kinetics and ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated by ELISA assay, as well as the inflammatory cytokines; SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was quantified by ELISpot assay. Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons. Thirty patients were included with the following demographics: age, 57 years old (IQR, 53-62); 76% male; median HIV duration of infection, 18 years (15-29); nadir of CD4, 57/mmc (23-100) current CD4 count, 348/mmc (186-565). Furthermore, 83% had at least one comorbidity. The severity of COVID-19 was mild/moderate, and the overall mortality rate was 10% (3/30). Additionally, 90% of patients showed positive antibody titers and neutralizing activity, with a 100% positive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response over time, suggesting the ability to induce an effective specific immunity. Significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in COVID-19 without HIV vs. HIV/COVID-19 patients ( p < 0.05) were observed. HIV infection did not seem to negatively impact COVID-19-related inflammatory state and immunity. Further data are mandatory to evaluate the persistence of these immunity and its ability to expand after exposure and/or vaccination.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; advanced HIV infection; immunity; inflammation; outbreak.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Inflammation, Immunity, Outbreak., advanced HIV infection, 【초록키워드】 HIV, vaccination, IL-6, Infection, Comorbidity, CD4, outcomes, Neutralizing activity, outbreak, persistence, severity of COVID-19, Patient, Antibody titer, IL-8, age, Inflammatory marker, ELISpot assay, ELISA assay, TNF-α, HIV infection, IL-1β, Analysis, Inflammatory, inflammatory state, humoral, Duration of infection, overall mortality, HIV-negative, Kruskal-Wallis test, Comparisons, Specific T-cell response, TNFα, positive, Mann-Whitney, immunological, effective, neutralize, tested, analyzed, evaluate, occurred, evaluated, median, were used, induce, expand, quantified, IQR, mandatory, patients with HIV, patients without COVID-19, 【제목키워드】 response, profile, Specific, Person,