Abstract
Early responses to vaccination are important for shaping both humoral and cellular protective immunity. Dissecting innate vaccine signatures may predict immunogenicity to help optimize the efficacy of mRNA and other vaccine strategies. Here, we characterize the cytokine and chemokine responses to the 1 st and 2 nd dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNtech) vaccine in antigen-naive and in previously coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected individuals ( NCT04743388 ). Transient increases in interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels early after boost correlate with Spike antibody levels, supporting their use as biomarkers of effective humoral immunity development in response to vaccination. We identify a systemic signature including increases in IL-15, IFN-γ, and IP-10/CXCL10 after the 1 st vaccination, which were enriched by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 after the 2 nd vaccination. In previously COVID-19-infected individuals, a single vaccination results in both strong cytokine induction and antibody titers similar to the ones observed upon booster vaccination in antigen-naive individuals, a result with potential implication for future public health recommendations.
Keywords: IFN-γ; IL-15; IP10/CXCL10; SARS-CoV-2; Spike antibody; cytokines; innate immunity; mRNA vaccine.
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, Cytokines, Innate immunity, mRNA vaccine, IFN-γ, IL-15, IP10/CXCL10, Spike antibody, 【초록키워드】 coronavirus disease, public health, Necrosis, Efficacy, Vaccine, vaccination, Biomarker, spike, antibody, mRNA vaccine, IL-6, cytokine, chemokine, Humoral immunity, protective immunity, mRNA, response, Antibody titer, Alpha, predict, boost, BNT162b2 mRNA, TNF-α, booster vaccination, recommendations, interferon gamma, cellular, dose, humoral, individual, help, single vaccination, effective, Transient, identify, individuals, increases in, IP-10/CXCL10, response to vaccination, 【제목키워드】 immune response, BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, systemic, recipient, effective, IP-10/CXCL10,