Graphical abstract The unprecedented global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is depicting the distressing pandemic consequence on human health, economy as well as ecosystem services. So far novel coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks were associated with SARS-CoV-2 (2019), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV, 2012), and SARS-CoV-1 (2003) events. CoV relates to the enveloped family of Betacoronavirus (βCoV) with positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA). Knowing well the persistence, transmission, and spread of SARS-CoV-2 through proximity, the faecal-oral route is now emerging as a major environmental concern to community transmission. The replication and persistence of CoV in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and shedding through stools is indicating a potential transmission route to the environment settings. Despite of the evidence, based on fewer reports on SARS-CoV-2 occurrence and persistence in wastewater/sewage/water, the transmission of the infective virus to the community is yet to be established. In this realm, this communication attempted to review the possible influx route of the enteric enveloped viral transmission in the environmental settings with reference to its occurrence, persistence, detection, and inactivation based on the published literature so far. The possibilities of airborne transmission through enteric virus-laden aerosols, environmental factors that may influence the viral transmission, and disinfection methods (conventional and emerging) as well as the inactivation mechanism with reference to the enveloped virus were reviewed. The need for wastewater epidemiology (WBE) studies for surveillance as well as for early warning signal was elaborated. This communication will provide a basis to understand the SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses in the context of the environmental engineering perspective to design effective strategies to counter the enteric virus transmission and also serves as a working paper for researchers, policy makers and regulators.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Aerosols, Disinfection, sewage, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, enveloped virus, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, PPE, Personal protective equipment, ORF, open reading frame, enteric virus, MHV, murine hepatitis virus, PFU, plaque forming unit, FIPV, feline infectious peritonitis virus, BSL, biosafety level, HEV, hepatitis E virus, SARS-CoV-1, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1, βCoV, betacoronavirus, WBE, wastewater-based epidemiology, RNA, ribose nucleic acid, O3, ozone, PTAF, photocatalytic titanium apatite filter, UV, ultraviolet, RH, relative humidity, dsDNA, double stranded DNA, ssRNA, single stranded RNA, H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide, dPCR, digital PCR, NGS, next generation sequencing, PEG, Polyethylene glycol, GI, Gastrointestinal tract, αCoV, Alphacoronavirus, HAdV, Human adenovirus, AH, Absolute Humidity, AOPs, Advanced Oxidation Processes, ASP, Activate Sludge Process, A-WWTS, Algal-WWTS, BCoV, Bovine Enteric Coronavirus), BoRv, Bovine Rotavirus Group A, BVDV1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1, BVDV2, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2, CCA, Carbon Covered Alumina, Cl−, Chlorine, ClO2, Chlorine dioxide, CNT, Carbon Nanotubes, CRFK, Crandell Reese feline kidney cell line (CRFK), CVE, Coxsackievirus B5, Cys, Cysteine, DBP, Disinfection by-products, DBT, L2 and Delayed Brain Tumor Cell Cultures, DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, DNA, deoxyribose nucleic acid, ds, Double Stranded, E gene, Envelope protein gene, EV, Echovirus 11, FC, Free Chlorine, FFP3, Filtering Face Piece, H3N2, InfluenzaA, H6N2, Avian influenza virus, HAV, Hepatitis A virus (HAV), HCoV, Human CoV, HKU1, Human CoV1, ICC-PCR, Integrated Cell Culture with PCR, JCV, JCV polyomavirus, log10, logarithm with base 10, MALDI-TOF MS, Mass Spectrometry, MBR, Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), Met, Methionine, MNV-1, Murine Norovirus, MWCNTs, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, N gene, Nucleocapsid protein gene, STP, Sewage Treatment Plant, NCoV, Novel coronavirus, NTP, Non-Thermal Plasma, O2, Singlet Oxygen, PAA, Para Acetic Acid, PEC, Photoelectrocatalytical, PMMoV, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors, PV-1, Polivirus-1, PV-3, Poliovirus 3, PVDF, Polyvinylidene Fluoride, qRT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, Qβ, bacteriophages, RONS, Reactive Oxygen and/or Nitrogen Species, RT-PCR, Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, RVA, Rotaviruses A, SBR, Sequential Batch Reactor, SODIS, Solar water disinfection, ss, Single Stranded, ssDNA, Single Stranded DNA, T90, First order reaction time required for completion of 90%, T99.9, First order reaction time required for completion of 99.9%, TGEV, Porcine Coronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus, TGEV, Transmissible Gastroenteritis, Trp, Tryptophan, Tyr, Tyrosine, US-EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, WWT, Wastewater Treatment, WWTPs, Wastewater Treatment Plants, (h+), Photoholes, +ssRNA, Positive Sense Single-Stranded RNA,