Key Points Question Are sleep-disordered breathing and sleep-related hypoxia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes? Findings In this case-control study of 5402 patients in a large integrated health system, sleep-disordered breathing and sleep-related hypoxia were not associated with an increased likelihood of contracting SARS-CoV-2. After accounting for confounding factors including cardiopulmonary disease, cancer, and smoking exposure, sleep-related hypoxia indices were associated with more severe COVID-19 clinical outcomes, including hospitalization and mortality, in time-to-event analyses. Meaning These results suggest that baseline sleep-related hypoxia may portend worse clinical prognosis in COVID-19. This case-control study investigates the association of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep-related hypoxia with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes. Importance The influence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep-related hypoxemia in SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and COVID-19 outcomes remains unknown. Controversy exists regarding whether to continue treatment for SDB with positive airway pressure given concern for aerosolization with limited data to inform professional society recommendations. Objective To investigate the association of SDB (identified via polysomnogram) and sleep-related hypoxia with (1) SARS-CoV-2 positivity and (2) World Health Organization (WHO)-designated COVID-19 clinical outcomes while accounting for confounding including obesity, underlying cardiopulmonary disease, cancer, and smoking history. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study was conducted within the Cleveland Clinic Health System (Ohio and Florida) and included all patients who were tested for COVID-19 between March 8 and November 30, 2020, and who had an available sleep study record. Sleep indices and SARS-CoV-2 positivity were assessed with overlap propensity score weighting, and COVID-19 clinical outcomes were assessed using the institutional registry. Exposures Sleep study–identified SDB (defined by frequency of apneas and hypopneas using the Apnea-Hypopnea Index [AHI]) and sleep-related hypoxemia (percentage of total sleep time at <90% oxygen saturation [TST <90]). Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 infection and WHO-designated COVID-19 clinical outcomes (hospitalization, use of supplemental oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and death). Results Of 350 710 individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2, 5402 (mean [SD] age, 56.4 [14.5] years; 3005 women [55.6%]) had a prior sleep study, of whom 1935 (35.8%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Of the 5402 participants, 1696 were Black (31.4%), 3259 were White (60.3%), and 822 were of other race or ethnicity (15.2%). Patients who were positive vs negative for SARS-CoV-2 had a higher AHI score (median, 16.2 events/h [IQR, 6.1-39.5 events/h] vs 13.6 events/h [IQR, 5.5-33.6 events/h]; P < .001) and increased TST <90 (median, 1.8% sleep time [IQR, 0.10%-12.8% sleep time] vs 1.4% sleep time [IQR, 0.10%-10.8% sleep time]; P = .02). After overlap propensity score–weighted logistic regression, no SDB measures were associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Median TST <90 was associated with the WHO-designated COVID-19 ordinal clinical outcome scale (adjusted odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10-1.74; P = .005). Time-to-event analyses showed sleep-related hypoxia associated with a 31% higher rate of hospitalization and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08-1.57; P = .005). Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study, SDB and sleep-related hypoxia were not associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 positivity; however, once patients were infected with SARS-CoV-2, sleep-related hypoxia was an associated risk factor for detrimental COVID-19 outcomes.
【초록키워드】 COVID-19, Treatment, SARS-CoV-2, Mortality, severe COVID-19, mechanical ventilation, Hospitalization, hypoxia, SARS-COV-2 infection, obesity, Cancer, Noninvasive ventilation, outcome, smoking, risk factor, clinical outcomes, Clinical outcome, outcomes, oxygen saturation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Sleep, Hypoxemia, Patient, death, Logistic regression, age, women, health system, recommendations, case-control study, association, Frequency, Analysis, exposure, detrimental, positive airway pressure, World Health Organization, supplemental oxygen, black, index, Clinical prognosis, adjusted odds ratio, Participants, overlap, 95% CI, adjusted hazard ratio, individual, clinic, measure, SARS-CoV-2 positivity, white, participant, finding, positive, SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, Weighting, System, objective, setting, likelihood, cardiopulmonary disease, Result, defined, tested, were infected, conducted, median, analyses, Importance, baseline, Cleveland, confounding factor, Point, Relevance, Time-to-event, TST, were assessed, 【제목키워드】 COVID-19, System,