Abstract In Chile, where gallbladder cancer ( GBC ) rates are high and typhoid fever was endemic until the 1990s, we evaluated the association between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S. Typhi) antibodies and GBC . We tested 39 GBC cases, 40 gallstone controls, and 39 population‐based controls for S . Typhi Vi antibodies and performed culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the subset with bile, gallstone, tissue, and stool samples available. We calculated gender and education‐adjusted odds ratios ( OR s) and 95% confidence intervals ( CI s) for the association with GBC . We also conducted a meta‐analysis of >1000 GBC cases by combining our results with previous studies. GBC cases were more likely to have high Vi antibody titer levels than combined controls ( OR : 4.0, 95% CI : 0.9–18.3), although S. Typhi was not recovered from bile, gallstone, tissue, or stool samples. In our meta‐analysis, the summary relative risk was 4.6 (95% CI : 3.1–6.8, P heterogeneity =0.6) for anti‐Vi and 5.0 (95% CI : 2.7–9.3, P heterogeneity = 0.2) for bile or stool culture. Our results are consistent with the meta‐analysis. Despite differences in study methods (e.g., S. Typhi detection assay), most studies found a positive association between S . Typhi and GBC . However, the mechanism underlying this association requires further investigation
【저자키워드】 Epidemiology, Chile, gallbladder cancer, meta‐analysis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Vi antibodies,