Influenza A virus may circulate simultaneously with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, leading to more serious respiratory diseases during this winter. However, the influence of these viruses on disease outcome when both influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 are present in the host remains unclear. Using a mammalian model, sequential infection was performed in ferrets and in K18- hACE2 mice, with SARS-CoV-2 infection following H1N1. We found that co-infection with H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 extended the duration of clinical manifestation of COVID-19, and enhanced pulmonary damage, but reduced viral shedding of throat swabs and viral loads in the lungs of ferrets. Moreover, mortality was increased in sequentially infected mice compared with single-infection mice. Compared with single-vaccine inoculation, co-inoculation of PiCoVacc (a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine) and the flu vaccine showed no significant differences in neutralizing antibody titers or virus-specific immune responses. Combined immunization effectively protected K18- hACE2 mice against both H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings indicated the development of systematic models of co-infection of H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2, which together notably enhanced pneumonia in ferrets and mice, as well as demonstrated that simultaneous vaccination against H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 may be an effective prevention strategy for the coming winter.
【저자키워드】 Infectious diseases, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccination, Mortality, Pneumonia, SARS-COV-2 infection, Infection, viral shedding, lung, outcome, virus, influenza A, immunization, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, hACE2, Viral load, mice, ferret, immune responses, Respiratory disease, Co-infection, H1N1, flu vaccine, disease, Neutralizing antibody titer, no significant difference, ferrets, throat swab, pulmonary damage, mammalian, Host, effective, PiCoVacc, Combined, indicated, was performed, reduced, demonstrated, K18, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was increased, 【제목키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, Infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, H1N1, mammalian, effective, prevention of COVID-19,