Graphical abstract Passive immunotherapy approaches in COVID-19 treatment. In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged, causing a global pandemic called COVID-19. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for this emerging disease. Global efforts resulted in developing multiple platforms of COVID-19 vaccines, but their efficacy in humans should be wholly investigated in the long-term clinical and epidemiological follow-ups. Despite the international efforts, COVID-19 vaccination accompanies challenges, including financial and political obstacles, serious adverse effects (AEs), the impossibility of using vaccines in certain groups of people in the community, and viral evasion due to emerging novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 in many countries. For these reasons, passive immunotherapy has been considered a complementary remedy and a promising way to manage COVID-19. These approaches are based on reduced inflammation due to inhibiting cytokine storm phenomena, immunomodulation, preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), viral neutralization, and decreased viral load. This article highlights passive immunotherapy and immunomodulation approaches in managing and treating COVID-19 patients and discusses relevant clinical trials (CTs).
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, monoclonal antibody, immunomodulation, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus, RBD, receptor-binding domain, acute respiratory disease syndrome, IFN, interferon, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Passive immunotherapy, IGG, immunoglobulin g, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy, CRP, C-reactive protein, TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor, FDA, Food and Drug Administration, IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin, ACE-2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2, CRS, Cytokine release syndrome, LDH, lactate dehydrogenase, Cellular Immunotherapy, ADE, Antibody-dependent enhancement, AE(s), Adverse effect(s), CAR, Chimeric antigen receptor, CPT, Convalescent plasma therapy, CT(s), Clinical trial(s), ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, FCR, Fc receptor, GVHD, Graft-versus-host disease, HBV, Hepatitis B, HCV, Hepatitis C, HLH, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease, I.V., Intravenous, LAG-3, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, mAb(s), Monoclonal antibody(s), MERS-COV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus, MV, Mechanical ventilation, PD-1, Programmed cell death protein-1, RA, Rheumatoid arthritis, TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3, TRALI, Transfusion-related acute lung injury, VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, 【초록키워드】 Treatment, Inflammation, Efficacy, ARDS, Vaccine, Cytokine storm, coronavirus, clinical trial, Immunotherapy, Human, global pandemic, COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19 vaccination, Viral load, International, Community, emerging disease, epidemiological, viral neutralization, group, platform, acute respiratory distress, complementary, adverse effect, acute respiratory syndrome, Abstract, syndrome, effort, variants of SARS-CoV-2, highlight, approach, investigated, reduced, inhibiting, accompany, AEs, Passive, treating COVID-19 patient, 【제목키워드】 clinical trial, Immunotherapy, recent, approach,