Atypical memory B-cells are associated with Plasmodium falciparum anemia through anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies

Anemia is a common complication of malaria that is characterized by the loss of infected and uninfected erythrocytes. In mouse malaria models, clearance of uninfected erythrocytes is promoted by autoimmune anti-phosphatidylserine (PS) antibodies produced by T-bet + B-cells, which bind to exposed PS in erythrocytes, but the mechanism in patients is still unclear. In Plasmodium falciparum patients with anemia, we show that atypical memory FcRL5 + T-bet + B-cells are expanded and associate both with higher levels of anti-PS antibodies in plasma and with the development of anemia in these patients. No association of anti-PS antibodies or anemia with other B-cell subsets and no association of other antibody specificities with FcRL5 + T-bet + B-cells is observed, revealing high specificity in this response. We also identify FcRL5 + T-bet + B-cells as producers of anti-PS antibodies in ex vivo cultures of naïve human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with P.-falciparum -infected erythrocyte lysates. These data define a crucial role for atypical memory B-cells and anti-PS autoantibodies in human malarial anemia.