Abstract
Rapid, highly sensitive, and accurate virus circulation monitoring techniques are critical to limit the spread of the virus and reduce the social and economic burden. Therefore, point-of-use diagnostic devices have played a critical role in addressing the outbreak of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current techniques developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in various body fluids (e.g., blood, urine, feces, saliva, tears, and semen) and considers the mutations (i.e., Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron). We classify and comprehensively discuss the detection methods depending on the biomarker measured (i.e., surface antigen, antibody, and nucleic acid) and the measurement techniques such as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), microarray analysis, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and biosensors. Finally, we addressed the challenges of rapidly identifying emerging variants, detecting the virus in the early stages of infection, the detection sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity, and commented on how these challenges can be overcome in the future.
【저자키워드】 lateral flow immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, biosensors, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, COVID-19 virus diagnosis, Microarray assays, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, viruses, SARS-CoV-2, Saliva, Biomarker, Mutation, antibody, Infection, diagnostic, Delta, omicron, RT-PCR, virus, variants, ELISA, Antigen, Spread, CRISPR, nucleic acid, RT-LAMP, specificity, outbreak, Rapid, Gamma, Urine, Beta, reverse transcription, isothermal amplification, LFIA, circulation, Semen, Critical, early stage, Blood, Detection sensitivity, body fluid, microarray analysis, limit, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, provide, overcome, reduce, addressed, palindromic repeat, 【제목키워드】 antibodies, variant, nucleic acids, RNA sequencing, COVID-19 diagnosis, antigens, surface, physiological, current,