Abstract
The proceeding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 is the latest global challenge. Like most other infectious diseases, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunctions play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Furthermore, the quest of finding a potential pharmaceutical therapy for preventing and treating COVID-19 is still ongoing. Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle, has exhibited numerous therapeutic benefits. We reviewed the beneficial effects of silymarin on oxidative stress, inflammation, and the immune system, as primary factors involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We searched PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases up to April 2022 using the relevant keywords. In summary, the current review indicates that silymarin might exert therapeutic effects against COVID-19 by improving the antioxidant system, attenuating inflammatory response and respiratory distress, and enhancing immune system function. Silymarin can also bind to target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including main protease, spike glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, leading to the inhibition of viral replication. Although multiple lines of evidence suggest the possible promising impacts of silymarin in COVID-19, further clinical trials are encouraged.
【저자키워드】 Coronavirus disease 2019, nitric oxide, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, toll like receptor 4, angiotensin converting enzyme, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, interleukin, hepatitis C virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, Human immunodeficiency virus, reactive oxygen species, Hepatitis B virus, T helper 1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, COVID-19coronavirus disease 2019, WHOWorld Health Organization, World Health Organization, ILInterleukin, SARSSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome, MERS-CoVmiddle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, HIVhuman immunodeficiency virus, NONitric Oxide, HBVHepatitis B virus, HCVHepatitis C virus, MAPKmitogen-activated protein kinase, AMPKAMP-activated protein kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase, ROSreactive oxygen species, transforming growth factor beta, ACE2angiotensin converting enzyme, APCantigen-presenting cells, antigen-presenting cells, ERKextracellular signal-regulated kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, IFNγinterferon γ, interferon γ, JAKc‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, NF-κBnuclear factor kappa B, nuclear factor kappa B, NLRneutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio, neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio, Nrf2nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2, SARS-CoV 2severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, STATsignal transducer and activation of transcription, signal transducer and activation of transcription, TGF-βtransforming growth factor beta, Th1T helper 1, TLR-4toll like receptor 4, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus disease, SARS-CoV-2, Inflammation, clinical trial, pandemic, therapy, Diseases, spike glycoprotein, immune system, protease, oxidative stress, antioxidant, database, viral replication, Impact, Evidence, Inflammatory response, distress, Science, Immune system dysfunction, Factor, Web of Science, pathogenesis of COVID-19, therapeutic effect, treating COVID-19, therapeutic benefits, target protein, Effect, Direct, involved, exhibited, indicate, searched, Like, 【제목키워드】 therapy, Impact, Research, Complication, mechanism, Evidence, silibinin, reducing,