Studies performed across the COVID-19 pandemic waves point to the persistent impact of the pandemic on sleep and mental health. We expand these data by examining insomnia, pre-sleep arousal, psychosocial factors, and retrospective changes in sleep pattern during the COVID-19 second wave lockdown period in Georgia. Data were collected through an online survey ( n = 1117). The prevalence rate of probable insomnia disorder was 24.2%. Clinically relevant somatic and cognitive pre-sleep arousal was present in 49.8% and 58.0% of participants, and high levels of anxiety, depression and social isolation were found in 47.0%, 37.3%, 47.2% of respondents, respectively. We observed high prevalence rates of worse sleep quality, delayed bedtimes and risetimes, longer sleep latencies, higher awakenings and shorter sleep durations, relative to the pre-pandemic period. COVID-19-infected participants showed more severe sleep and mental problems. Specific predictors differentially affected insomnia, somatic and cognitive pre-sleep arousal. Depression and COVID-19 infection emerged as vulnerability factors for pre-sleep arousal, which, in turn, was associated with a higher predisposition to insomnia disorder. We confirm the strong deteriorating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep and psychosocial well-being during the second wave lockdown period. The specific association between pre-sleep arousal, insomnia, and psychosocial factors is of clinical relevance for the prevention of severity and persistence of sleep and mental problems across the repeated lockdown/reopening waves. Modulation of pre-sleep arousal may prove beneficial to implement targeted interventions.
【저자키워드】 Insomnia, somatic pre-sleep arousal, cognitive pre-sleep arousal, mental problems, COVID-19 pandemic waves, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, pandemic, Anxiety, Depression, lockdown, mental health, COVID-19 pandemic, severity, social isolation, Prevalence, COVID-19 infection, persistence, Factors, second wave, predictor, association, retrospective, sleep quality, prevalence rate, cognitive, Factor, Participants, problems, These data, participant, problem, targeted interventions, disorder, Specific, predisposition, Mental, repeated, performed, affected, collected, changes in, turn, expand, 【제목키워드】 COVID-19, Sleep, pattern, change, Factor, Wave, Psychosocial, second, arousal,