Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously named 2019-nCov), a novel coronavirus that emerged in China in December 2019 and was declared a global pandemic by World Health Organization by March 11th, 2020. Severe manifestations of COVID-19 are caused by a combination of direct tissue injury by viral replication and associated cytokine storm resulting in progressive organ damage. Discussion We reviewed published literature between January 1st, 2000 and June 30th, 2020, excluding articles focusing on pediatric or obstetric population, with a focus on virus-host interactions and immunological mechanisms responsible for virus associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS). COVID-19 illness encompasses three main phases. In phase 1, SARS-CoV-2 binds with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 receptor on alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, triggering toll like receptor (TLR) mediated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ƙB) signaling. It effectively blunts an early (IFN) response allowing unchecked viral replication. Phase 2 is characterized by hypoxia and innate immunity mediated pneumocyte damage as well as capillary leak. Some patients further progress to phase 3 characterized by cytokine storm with worsening respiratory symptoms, persistent fever, and hemodynamic instability. Important cytokines involved in this phase are interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This is typically followed by a recovery phase with production of antibodies against the virus. We summarize published data regarding virus-host interactions, key immunological mechanisms responsible for virus-associated CRS, and potential opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Conclusion Evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology and pathogenesis is rapidly evolving. A better understanding of the pathophysiology and immune system dysregulation associated with CRS and acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe COVID-19 is imperative to identify novel drug targets and other therapeutic interventions.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Chloroquine, acute respiratory distress syndrome, Antiviral, Tocilizumab, Immunotherapy, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, Cytokine release syndrome, pathophysiology, 【초록키워드】 Necrosis, Coronavirus disease 2019, Cytokine storm, Pathogenesis, severe COVID-19, hypoxia, antibody, Innate immunity, Phase 2, pediatric, cytokine, immune system, virus, coronavirus 2, Novel coronavirus, B cell, global pandemic, China, viral replication, Virus-host interactions, Fever, Patient, drug target, Virus-host interaction, IFN, epithelial cells, receptor, respiratory, alveolar macrophage, Phase 3, acute respiratory distress, CRS, IL-1β, Signaling, Combination, immunological mechanism, SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, manifestation, Obstetric, respiratory symptoms, tissue injury, dysregulation, World Health Organization, enzyme, worsening, syndrome, COVID-19 illness, therapeutic interventions, organ damage, article, hemodynamic instability, nuclear, triggering, TLR, bind, responsible, resulting, identify, caused, involved, characterized, activated, imperative, blunt, 【제목키워드】 Cytokine storm, immune system, Viral load, therapeutic agent, overcome, reduce,