Objectives We aimed to investigate demographic, lifestyle, socioeconomic and clinical risk factors for COVID-19, and compared them to risk factors for pneumonia and influenza in UK Biobank. Design Cohort study. Setting UK Biobank. Participants 49–83 year olds (in 2020) from a general population study. Main outcome measures Confirmed COVID-19 infection (positive SARS-CoV-2 test). Incident influenza and pneumonia were obtained from primary care data. Poisson regression was used to study the association of exposure variables with outcomes. Results Among 235 928 participants, 397 had confirmed COVID-19. After multivariable adjustment, modifiable risk factors were higher body mass index and higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) (RR 1.28 and RR 1.14 per SD increase, respectively), smoking (RR 1.39), slow walking pace as a proxy for physical fitness (RR 1.53), and use of blood pressure medications as a proxy for hypertension (RR 1.33). Higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were both associated with lower risk (RR 0.84 and RR 0.83 per SD increase, respectively). Non-modifiable risk factors included male sex (RR 1.72), black ethnicity (RR 2.00), socioeconomic deprivation (RR 1.17 per SD increase in Townsend Index), and high cystatin C (RR 1.13 per SD increase). The risk factors overlapped with pneumonia somewhat, less so for influenza. The associations with modifiable risk factors were generally stronger for COVID-19, than pneumonia or influenza. Conclusion These findings suggest that modification of lifestyle may help to reduce the risk of COVID-19 and could be a useful adjunct to other interventions, such as social distancing and shielding of high risk.
【저자키워드】 Cardiology, Epidemiology, diabetes & endocrinology, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, primary care, Risk factors, Pneumonia, Influenza, social distancing, UK biobank, smoking, risk factor, hypertension, cystatin C, outcomes, Haemoglobin, body mass index, COVID-19 infection, cholesterol, General population, medication, association, HDL, High-density lipoprotein, blood pressure, Male sex, population study, physical fitness, high risk, forced expiratory volume, influenza and pneumonia, body mass, shielding, Volume, index, Socioeconomic deprivation, Participants, help, outcome measure, lower risk, participant, Confirmed COVID-19 infection, Poisson regression, positive, Modification, SARS-CoV-2 test, incident, variable, high-density, objective, risk of COVID-19, physical, setting, multivariable, expiratory, Result, was used, less, increase in, reduce, clinical risk factor, Confirmed, overlapped, 【제목키워드】 COVID-19, Influenza, prospective cohort study, risk factor,