Summary The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve and infect individuals. The exterior surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virion is dominated by the spike protein, and the current work examined spike protein biochemical features that have changed during the 3 years in which SARS-CoV-2 has infected humans. Our analysis identified a striking change in spike protein charge, from −8.3 in the original Lineage A and B viruses to −1.26 in most of the current Omicron viruses. We conclude that in addition to immune selection pressure, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has also altered viral spike protein biochemical properties, which may influence virion survival and promote transmission. Future vaccine and therapeutic development should also exploit and target these biochemical properties. Graphical abstract Highlights • Biochemical features of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have changed during the pandemic • Spike charge has steadily increased from −8.3 to −1.26 in Omicron lineages • Multiple spike functions may be altered: epitopes, receptor binding, furin cleavage • Other coronaviruses moving from animals to humans show similar spike charge increases Evolutionary biology; Virology
【저자키워드】 Virology, Evolutionary biology,