Key points Haemodialysis is expensive and is associated with high patient mortality and poor quality of life; portable, wearable and implantable artificial kidney systems are being developed to improve patient care. An important challenge for designing portable or wearable artificial kidney systems is the continuous regeneration of a small volume of dialysate; recycling systems based on sorbents have great potential for dialysate regeneration. Novel dialysis membranes composed of polymeric or inorganic materials are being developed to improve the removal of uraemic toxins, with low levels of membrane fouling. Bioartificial kidney systems can provide important biological functions and thereby potentially improve patient outcomes; however, their implementation has manufacturing, feasibility and logistics challenges. Important technological breakthroughs can be achieved via global initiatives involving relevant stakeholders including academics, industrialists, medical professionals and patients.
【저자키워드】 biomedical engineering, Haemodialysis,