Heat detoxification of Jatropha cucas meal and its effect on productive and reproductive performance of quail

Jatropha is a large, multipurpose, drought-tolerant plant with many traits and great potential as a biofuel crop. It originates from Central America but is now distributed throughout the tropics, including Africa and Asia. The study determines whether the dietary inclusion of raw Jatropha cucas meal ( RJM , 3.5%) had negative impacts on the reproductive and productive performances of male Japanese quail as well as whether these impacts could be mitigated by heating the jatropha meal at 100°C for 24 or 48 h (JH 24} or JH 48} respectively). One hundred twenty healthy mature male quails at the age of 12 wk were assigned randomly to 4 treatments. Every treatment had 6 replicates, with 5 birds per replicate. The RJM caused a considerable decline in fertility and a high mortality rate in quail, whereas heat-treated jatropha meal (JH 24} or JH 48}) decreased these unwanted effects. The RJM significantly increased triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ), and alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ), while reducing total protein and albumin. These values returned to normal in the JH 24} and JH 48} groups. The RJM significantly reduced the testosterone and increased estradiol and hepatic content of vitellogenin ( Vtg ) and estrogen receptor alpha ( ERα ) while they were normal in JH 48} group. Superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase ( CAT ) activities, and the reduced glutathione ( GSH ) content in testicular tissues were significantly reduced in the RJM group when compared to control. Protein carbonyl ( PC ), malondialdehyde ( MDA ), and 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine (8- OHdG ) levels were significantly increased in the RJM group when compared to control. Heating of JM for 48 h reduced the 8-OHdG and MDA levels toward the control level better than JH24 and restored PC to normal. Based on the obtained results, The toxic components in JM could be eliminated through heat treatment, and extending the treatment duration to 48 h is recommended for transforming the potentially harmful jatropha meal into an alternative protein source for livestock nutrition.